Baqi tongzhi 八旗通志 : [250卷] / E'ertai ... [et al.] xiu 鄂爾泰 ... [et al.]修 ; Li Xun, Zhao Degui zhudian 李洵, 趙德貴主點.
Alt. title: Baqi tongzhi chuji 八旗通志初集.
"八旗通志二百五十卷 ... 乾隆4年(1739年)成書, 因嘉慶初有欽定《八旗通志》問世, 故此書亦稱《八旗通志初集》"--Pref.
Library has vol. 1-4 only.

“Baqi tongzhi chuji 八旗通志初集 (History of the Eight Banners, first edition) complied under the direction of E'ertai 鄂爾泰, 1739. In both Chinese and Manchu. The basic source on the history and organization of the Eight Banners from the early Qing to 1735…” -- Wilkinson, E., Chinese history, a new manual, p. 817.

China marches west : the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia / Peter C. Perdue.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 671-705) and index.

Part 1. The formation of the central Eurasian states. Environments, state building, and national identity -- The Ming, Muscovy, and Siberia, 1400-1600 -- Central Eurasian interactions and the rise of the Manchus, 1600-1670 -- Part 2. Contending for power. Manchus, Mongols, and Russians in conflict, 1670-1690 -- Eating snow : the end of Galdan, 1690-1697 -- Imperial overreach and Zunghar survival, 1700-1731 -- The final blows, 1734-1771 -- Part 3. The economic base of empire. Cannons on camelback : ecological structures and economic conjunctures -- Land settlement and military colonies -- Harvests and relief -- Currency and commerce -- Part 4. Fixing frontiers. Moving through the land -- Marking time : writing imperial history -- Part 5. Legacies and implications. Writing the national history of conquest -- State building in Europe and Asia -- Frontier expansion in the rise and fall of the Qing -- Appendixes : A. Rulers and reigns -- B. The Yongzheng emperor reels from the news of the disaster, 1731 -- C. Haggling at the border -- D. Gansu harvests and yields -- E. Climate and harvests in the northwest.

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China on the sea / by Zheng Yangwen.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Facing the seas -- "The inconsistency of the seas" -- Feeding China -- Cette merveilleuse machine -- Les palais europeens -- "Wind of the west西洋风" -- Pattern and variation: indigenisation -- "Race for oriental opulence" -- Conclusion.

This volume challenges the Walled Kingdom perspective. China reached out to the seas far more actively than historians have allowed, while the maritime world shaped China, Qing China in particular, much more than the continental world. It gave birth to and defined Chinese modernity.

Generations of Chinese scholars have made China synonymous with the Great Wall and presented its civilization as fundamentally land-bound. This volume challenges this perspective, demonstrating that China was not a "Walled Kingdom", certainly not since the Yongjia Disturbance in 311. China reached out to the maritime world far more actively than historians have acknowledged, while the seas and what came from the seas--from Islam, fragrances and Jesuits to maize, opium and clocks--significantly changed the course of history, and have been of inestimable importance to China since the Ming. This book integrates the maritime history of China, especially the Qing period, a subject which has hitherto languished on the periphery of scholarly analysis, into the mainstream of current historical narrative. It was the seas that made Tang China a "Cosmopolitan Empire" (Mark Lewis), the Song dynasty China's "Greatest Age" (John Fairbank), China at 1600 "the largest and most sophisticated of all unified realms on earth" (Jonathan Spence), and the reign of the three Qing emperors (Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong) China's "last golden age" (Charles Hucker).

Cover caption: The several known complete sets of “Copper engravings of the European palaces in Yuan Ming Yuan” [圆明园西洋楼铜板画] each include 20 images. However, the set belonging to the John Rylands Library, University of Manchester, was recently found to include a unique additional colour image. Jottings at the top and bottom read: “Planche 2e qui a été commencée à être mise en couleurs” and “Planche 2e esquissée pour la couleur”. Reproduced by courtesy of the University Librarian and Director, the John Rylands University Library, University of Manchester.

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Qing Discourse and Capability in Eastern Tibet -- Frontier Society and Power -- Lu Chuanlin's "Great Game" in Nyarong -- Frontier Incident and War Making -- State Violence and Local Resistance : the Kham War -- "Regularization" Reconsidered : Variants of Gaitu Guiliu in Northern Kham -- Fashioning an "Inner Region beyond the Pass" -- Developing the West : Opening Kham Lands, Mines and Young Minds -- Character List.

Changdu Diqu 昌都地區 (LC auth. heading), but also Chamdo [ཆབ་མདོ་], Qamdo Sakü, Kham. PRC officially Chengguan Zhen 城關鎮.

Susan Naquin and Evelyn S. Rawski.
Part One: Qing Society / Government Policies ; Social Relations ; Cultural Life -- Part Two: Change and Diversity in Eighteenth-Century Society / Social Change ; Regional Societies ; The Eighteenth-Century Legacy.
Includes bibliography (p. 243-263) and Index.

Introduction -- The Qing dynasty (1644-1911) -- History of Christianity in China prior to 1842 -- The opium wars and the treaties -- Christian missions and treaty rights -- Activities of missionaries after the treaties -- Management of missionary affairs -- The epilogue.

The relationship between the missionaries and the unequal treaties is an intriguing one. Christianity is a religion of love, which determines not only its spirit and purpose and also its method of gaining converts. Beginning with the opium wars in the 1840s and continued to 1860s, as a result of series of military defeats, humiliating treaties were imposed upon the Qing government, and in these treaties were incorporated the so-called religious toleration clauses, which made possible the establishment of Christian churches in all parts of China and also put missionaries and their converts under the protection of the invading Western powers. The early missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant, who acted as interpreters when these treaties were made, did have a definite hand in the insertion of such clauses into the treaties. How can a religion of love associate itself with the power of force to spread its message? This book tries to present a readable account of the activities of missionaries during these tumultuous years. -- Preface.

OCLC-LC Authority rec'd mistakenly has two entries for the same author Ho, Herbert H. & [Ho Hoi-lap ; He Kaili 何凯立] 1949-

Circulating the code : print media and legal knowledge in Qing China /  Ting Zhang.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Introduction -- chapter 1. Qing legislation and imperial editions of the Great Qing Code -- chapter 2. Commercial publications of the code -- chapter 3. Reading the code -- chapter 4. Law and legal information in popular handbooks -- chapter 5. Popular legal education -- Conclusion: the impact of printing on law and legal culture.

"Expanded dissemination of legal information during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) transformed Chinese law, judicial authority, and popular legal consciousness. This volume combines methodologies from the study of print culture and legal history to compare different official and commercial editions of the Qing Code, popular handbooks for amateur legal practitioners, and manuals for community legal lectures. It challenges the prevalent assumption that the Qing government monopolized the production and circulation of legal information and that local officials and the common people had little legal knowledge. During the Qing, most legal books were commercially published and available to anyone who could afford to buy them. Commercial publishers thus had greater power and influence in producing authoritative legal texts-including The Great Qing Code-than did official publishers. These publishers extended the circulation of legal texts and enhanced the judicial authority of unofficial legal commentaries by making them more broadly available in convenient formats. Law was no longer privileged knowledge monopolized by the imperial state and high elites. Accurate legal information was widely available through text and oral channels in the Qing, and both officials and commoners had ready access to it. The flourishing trade in commercial legal imprints contributed to the formation of a new legal culture, with features that included the free flow of accurate legal information, the rise of nonofficial legal experts, a large law-savvy population, and a high litigation rate in local society"-- Provided by publisher.

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Contents: Baoding Cheng shoujilüe 保定城守紀略 / Dai Mingshi zhuan 戴名世撰 -- Yulin Cheng shoujilüe 榆林城守紀略 / Dai Mingshi zhuan 戴名世撰 -- Yiyou Yangzhou Cheng shoujilüe 乙酉揚州城守紀略 / Dai Mingshi zhuan 戴名世撰 -- Jiangyin Cheng shouji 江陰城守紀 / Han Tan zhuan 韓菼撰 -- Jiangyin Cheng shouhouji 江陰城守後紀 / Xu Chongxi zhuan 許重熙撰 -- Jiangshang yiwen 江上遺聞 / Shen Tao zhuan 沈濤撰 -- Jiangbian jilüe 江變紀略 / Xu Shipu zhuan 徐世溥撰 -- Yangzhou bianlüe 揚州變略 / Yiming zhuan 佚名撰 -- Huaicheng jishi 淮城紀事 / Yiming zhuan 佚名撰 -- Dongnan jishi 東南紀事 / Shao Tingcai zhuan 邵廷宷撰 -- Jiangnan wenjianlu 江南聞見錄 / Yiming zhuan 佚名撰 -- Dongjiang shimo 東江始末 / Bo Qizong zhuan 柏起宗撰.
民國29 [1940].

Peasants -- Gentry -- Merchants -- The dynastic cycle -- The rise of the Manchus -- Early and high Ch'ing -- The western intrusion -- Invasion and rebellion -- The illusion of restoration and self-strengthening -- Dynastic reform and reaction -- The end of the mandate.

Contents: Fengshi Eluosi riji 奉使俄羅斯日記 / Zhang Penghe 張鵬翮 -- Yu Eluosiguo dingjie zhi bei 與俄羅斯國定界之碑 / Xu Yuanwen 徐元文 -- Nibuchu chengkao 尼布楚城考 / He Qiutao 何秋濤 -- Eluosi zuolingkao 俄羅斯佐領考 / Yu Zhengxie 俞正燮 -- Eluosi jincheng shuji mulu 俄羅斯進呈書籍目錄 / Yiming 佚名 -- Yili dingyue Zhong-E tanhualu 伊犂定約中俄談話錄 / Yiming 佚名.
民國29 [1940].

Global history with Chinese characteristics : autocratic states along the silk road in the decline of the Spanish and Qing empires 1680-1796 / Manuel Perez-Garcia.

Introduction: The Implementation of the New Global History in China -- The "Global History Paradox" in China: Sinocentred Approaches along the Silk Road -- The Mandate of Heaven, the Rule of the Emperor: Self-sufficiency of the Middle-Kingdom -- Silver, Rogues, and Trade Networks: Sangleyes and Manila Galleons connecting the Spanish Empire and Qing China -- Conclusions.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Book examines perceptions and dialogues between China and Europe by analysing strategic geopolitical sites which fostered commerce, consumption and socioeconomic networks between China and Europe through a particular case study: Macau, connecting with South China, and Marseille in Mediterranean Europe from 1680 to 1800. How did foreign merchant networks and trans-national communities of Macau and Marseille operate during the eighteenth century and contribute to somehow transfer respectively European and Chinese socio-cultural habits and forms in local population? What was the degree and channels of consumption of European goods in China and Chinese goods in Europe? Through these questions the book explores the bilateral Sino-European trade relations and considers how the trans-national dimension of exotic commodities changed tastes by creating a new type of global consumerism.

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"本書選擇與康熙直接有關的歷史事件, 並著重反映康熙在事件中的思想, 活動和作用, 本書包括少年天子, 智鬥權臣;統一台灣, 南紀安流;親征大漠, 平噶爾丹等"--Natl Lib. China note.

Evelyn S. Rawski.
"A Philip E. Lilienthal book."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 393-442) and index.

Material culture of the Qing court--Social organization of the Qing court : conquest elite and Imperial lineage, sibling politics, Imperial women, Palace servants--Qing court rituals : rulership and ritual action in the Chinese realm, Shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism at Court, private rituals.
Appendix: Names of Qing Emperors and Imperial Ancestors ; Imperial Princely Ranks Added keywords: Zongshi 宗室, consorts, eunuchs, consort tombs, fertility of Qing empresses and consorts, generational elements in personal names, survival rates of Qing emperor's sons versus daughters, age at death of daughters, 1651-1900, age at marriage, performers of grand sacrifices during Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong ; Manchus, ethnicity.

See Contributor biographical information
See Publisher description

Further information on Mongolian code see Legalizing space in China.
Local access dig.pdf. [Chia-Lifanyuan.pdf]

CONTENTS
Preface. Paolo Santangelo. Chinese Printed Illustrations: Additional Notes on Materiality and on Material Authors of the Pipa ji and Xixiang ji Editions of the Ming Dynasty / Michela Bussotti. - Historicizing Ming-Ryukyu Relations: The Politics of Scholarship / Ying-Kit Chan. - From a Singing Bird to a Fighting Bug: Cricket-Fight and the Cultural Rhetorics in Late Imperial China / Hsiung Ping-Chen. - Essay on Giuseppe Maria Kuo’s Journal / Michele Fatica and Maria Letizia Pizzuti. - Intellectual or Emotional Knowledge? Values and Meanings of the Chinese Garden in the Ming Period / Maurizio Paolillo. - Liaozhai zhiyi and Zibuyu, Two Precious Qing Sources on Mentality and Imagery / Paolo Santangelo. - Karmic Retribution and Moral Didacticism in Erotic Fiction from the Late Ming and Early Qing / Wu Cuncun and Stevenson Mark. - Tianfang Dianli: A Chinese Perspective on Islamic Law and its Legal Reasoning / Tontini Roberta. - Praising and Blame: Evaluating Appellations in Song-Ming Historical Writings / Lee Cheuk Yin. - Emotions and Narrative: Depictions of Love in the Yuan Novella Jiao Hong ji and its Abridged Version in the Ming Anthology Qingshi leilüe / Barbara Bisetto. - Emotions in chengyu and other set phrases / Erhard Rosner.

NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS
Notes on Variolation in Japan. Shutō hitsujun ben 種痘必順辨 (Variolation Ensures Gentle Smallpox, 1795) by Ogata Shunsaku 緒方春朔" / Paolo Villani - Korean Reaction to Matteo Ricci and Christianity: A Case of “Defensive Fundamentalism”? / Maurizio Riotto.

BOOK REVIEWS
Struve Lynn, “Dreaming and Self-search during the Ming Collapse: The Xue Xiemeng Biji, 1642-1646”, T’oung Pao 93, 2007, pp. 159-192, and Struve Lynn, “Self-Struggles of a Martyr: Memories, Dreams, and Obsessions in the Extant Diary of Huang Chuyao”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 69, 2, 2009, pp. 343-394 / Paolo Santangelo. - Yu Anthony, Comparative Journeys. Essays on Literature and Religion East and West, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010, pp. 408 / Paolo Santangelo.

Ming-Qing shilunji 明清史論集 : [上下冊] / Li Guangtao zhu 李光濤著.
"Ben shu suoji fan shi’er pian 本書所輯凡五十二篇, nai er nian lai jian yu yiban zazhizhe 乃二年來見於一般雜誌者."
Minguo 民國 60

Acknowledgments - Note on Transcription - Mongol Reign Periods - Qing Reign Periods – Introduction - 1. The Mongols on the Eve of Conquest - 2. The Mongols and Political Authority - 3. Qing Ornamentalism and the Cult of Chinggis Khan - 4. The Poetics, Rituals and Language of Being Mongol, Buddhist and Qing - 5. The Buddhist Qing and Mongol Localization in the Nineteenth Century – Epilogue - List of Tibetan Spellings - Chinese Character Glossary - List of Abbreviations – Notes – References – Index.

Peking : temples and city life, 1400-1900 / Susan Naquin.
"Philip E. Lilienthal imprint"
Includes bibliographical references (p. 721-782) and index.

Peking and its temples. Introducing Peking ; Gods and clerics ; Communities and public space -- Ming Peking. A new capital ; Imperial Peking ; Urban communities ; Late Ming associations ; Seeing the sights -- Qing Peking. 1644: partition and transition ; The imperial world ; New divisions ; Reintegration ; The sights of Qing Peking ; Religious associations ; Temples and private purposes ; Temples and public purposes ; In search of Old Peking.

Contributor biographical information ; Table of contents ; Publisher description.

Qing colonial enterprise : ethnography and cartography in early modern China / Laura Hostetler.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [223]-237) and index.
See Publisher description.
See Contributor biographical information.
See Table of Contents.

Miao Man tu 苗蠻圖 -- Bai Miao tu 白苗圖 -- Qian Miao tushuo 黔描圖說.

Dig.pdf local access: [Hostetler-Qing colonial enterprise.pdf]

The Qing opening to the ocean : Chinese maritime policies, 1684-1757 / Gang Zhao.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 235-261) and index.

The Chinese private maritime trade and global integration -- Reconsidering overseas trade : the Chinese intellectual response to the emerging global economy -- The northeast Asian trade network, the Manchu, pro-commerce tradition, and the 1684 open-door trade policy -- Enriching the state by cherishing private trade : the Kangxi emperor and the 1684 open trade policy -- Separating trade from tribute : Kangxi ends the tribute trade system -- The establishment of the Qing maritime customs system and the growth of private trade -- Economic interest, security concern, and the tribute system : Kangxi's response to Tokugawa Japan's license system -- The Kangxi emperor bans trade with Southeast Asia -- Western merchants, local interests, and Christian penetration : a new interpretation of the Canton system.

"Did China drive or resist the early wave of globalization? Some scholars insist that China contributed nothing to the rise of the global economy that began around 1500. Others have placed China at the center of global integration. Neither side, though, has paid attention to the complex story of China's maritime policies. Drawing on sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, this important new work systematically explores the evolution of imperial Qing maritime policy from 1684 to 1757 and sets its findings in the context of early globalization. Gang Zhao argues that rather than constrain private maritime trade, globalization drove it forward, linking the Song and Yuan dynasties to a dynamic world system. As bold Chinese merchants began to dominate East Asian trade, officials and emperors came to see private trade as the solution to the daunting economic and social challenges of the day. The ascent of maritime business convinced the Kangzi [sic] emperor to open the coast to international trade, putting an end to the tribute trade system. Zhao's study details China's unique contribution to early globalization, the pattern of which differs significantly from the European experience. It offers impressive insights into the rise of the Asian trade network, the emergence of Shanghai as Asia's commercial hub, and the spread of a regional Chinese diaspora. To understand the place of China in the early modern world, how modernity came to China, and early globalization and the rise of the Asian trade network, The Qing Opening to the Ocean is essential reading."--Jacket.

Also available online via Gleeson Library.
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Unwelcome guests -- On a Chinese stage -- Lindsay's war and peace -- Model settlements -- China El Dorado -- At the heart of the heart of the empire -- Inland dreams -- Coastwise -- Jubilees -- Extinction -- History.

The early modern travels of Manchu : a script and its study in East Asia and Europe / Mårten Söderblom Saarela.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Conventions -- Introduction. A Cultural History of the Manchu Script -- Chapter 1. To Follow Fuxi or Kubilai Khan? Written Manchu Before 1644 -- Chapter 2. The Beijing Origins of Manchu Language Pedagogy, 1668-1730 -- Chapter 3. Phonology and Manchu in Southern China and Japan, c. 1670-1716 -- Chapter 4. Manchu Words and Alphabetical Order in China and Japan, 1683-1820s -- Chapter 5. Leibniz's Dream of a Manchu Encyclopedia and Kangxi's Mirror, 1673-1708 -- Chapter 6. The Manchu Script and Foreign Sounds from the Qing Court to Korea, 1720s-1770s -- Chapter 7. The Invention of a Manchu Alphabet in Saint Petersburg, 1720s-1730s -- Chapter 8. The Making of a Manchu Typeface in Paris, 1780s-1810s -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Index -- Acknowledgments

A linguistic and historical study of the Manchu script in the early modern world, Manchu was a language first written down as part of the Qing state-building project in Northeast Asia in the early seventeenth century. After the Qing invasion of China in 1644, and for the next two and a half centuries, Manchu was the language of state in one of the early modern world's great powers. Its prominence and novelty attracted the interest of not only Chinese literati but also foreign scholars. Yet scholars in Europe and Japan, and occasionally even within China itself, were compelled to study the language without access to a native speaker. Jesuit missionaries in Beijing sent Chinese books on Manchu to Europe, where scholars struggled to represent it in an alphabet compatible with Western pedagogy and printing technology. In southern China, meanwhile, an isolated phonologist with access to Jesuit books relied on expositions of the Roman alphabet to make sense of the Manchu script. When Chinese textbooks and dictionaries of Manchu eventually reached Japan, scholars there used their knowledge of Dutch to understand Manchu.In The Early Modern Travels of Manchu, Mårten Söderblom Saarela focuses on outsiders both within and beyond the Qing empire who had little interaction with Manchu speakers but took an interest in the strange, new language of a rising world power. He shows how--through observation, inference, and reference to received ideas on language and writing--intellectuals in southern China, Russia, France, Chosŏn Korea, and Tokugawa Japan deciphered the Manchu script and explores the uses to which it was put for recording sounds and arranging words.

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The great encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800 / D.E. Mungello.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

The Manchu language at court and in the bureaucracy under the Qianlong emperor / by Mårten Söderblom Saarela.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

"This is the first book-length study of the roles played by the Manchu language at the center of the Qing empire at the height of its power in the eighteenth century. It presents a revisionist account of Manchu not as a language in decline, but as extensively and consciously used language in a variety of areas. It treats the use, discussion, regulation, and philological study of Manchu at the court of an emperor who cared deeply for the maintenance and history of the language of his dynasty"--  Provided by publisher.

Introduction 1
1 The How and Why of Manchu 3
2 Manchu Documents, Books, and Three Reasons for Writing  this Study 12
1 Background: The Manchu Language from the Seventeenth Century to the Qianlong Period 19
1 The Early History of Written Manchu 19
2 The Manchu Language in China Proper 23
3 Scholarly Efforts to Describe the Manchu Language and Qianlong’s
Project to Change it 26
3.1 Manchu Grammatical Studies 27
3.2 Qianlong’s Manchu Neologisms 29
2 Public Inscriptions and Manchu Language Reform in the Early
Qianlong Reign 37
1 Background: Manchu Steles and Public Inscriptions 39
2 Public Inscriptions and Qianlong-era Language Reform 45
3 The Names for Temples, Altars, and Gates 46
4 The Inscription at Fragrance of the Teaching Temple 53
5 Conclusion 57
3 Linguistic Compartmentalization and the Palace Memorial System 59
1 Manchu and Chinese Linguistic Regimes 61
2 Linguistic Compartmentalization and the Palace
Memorial System 67
2.1 The Forwarding of Palace Memorials to Outer Court
Agencies 68
3 The Experiment of Bilingual Palace Memorials 69
3.1 Military Communications 72
3.2 Judicial Cases Involving Individuals Subject to Chinese Law 79
4 Language Choice and Secrecy 83
5 The Limits of Linguistic Compartmentalization:
Lateral Communications 93
6 Conclusion 99
4 Reading Manchu Palace Memorials Against the Idea of Manchu Decline 102
1 The Idea of Manchu Decline 103
2 Palace Memorials from Letters to Bureaucratic Summaries 107
3 How did Qianlong Understand Authorship? The Examples of Kuilin, Kinglin, and Guncukdar 113
4 Problems Related to the Composite Nature of Memorials 120
5 Conclusion 123
5 Imperial Corrections of Language Errors in Manchu
Palace Memorials 124
1 Corrections before Qianlong 125
2 Qianlong’s Corrections of Manchu Usage 127
2.1 Spelling Mistakes and Non-standard Spellings 128
2.2 Word Choice (1): Improper Usage 131
2.3 Word Choice (2): Qianlong’s Idiosyncratic Standard 134
2.4 Sinicisms 138
2.5 Grammatical Errors 145
3 Criticism of Language and of the Writer 152
4 Reprimands for Mistakes in Languages other than Manchu 153
5 Conclusion 155
6 Philological Scholarship in Manchu: Linguistic Studies on the
Pre-conquest Archive 157
1 What was “Evidential Learning”? 157
2 Manchu “Evidential Learning” 161
3 Manchu Philology before Qianlong: The Translation of
Confucian Literature 162
4 The Pre-conquest Archive and the Early Veritable Records 170
5 The Book of Characters Without Dots and Circles 173
6 The Book of Old Manchu Phrases Lifted from the Veritable Records 178
6.1 Structure and Character of the Book 181
6.2 Glosses that Highlight Morphology 183
6.3 Comments on Linguistic Structures 184
6.4 Defining Historical and Contemporary Usage 186
6.5 Glosses that Acknowledge the Plurilingual Historical Context of the Source Text 187
6.6 Conclusion 189
7 Footnotes to Early Qing History: The Grand Secretariat Copy of the Old
Manchu Archive 191
1 Editing the Old Archive 193
2 The Yellow Sticky Notes 198
2.1 Notes on the Archive’s Plurilingual Character 198
2.2 Consultation of Experts and Use of Field Reports 201
2.3 Consultation of Literature 204
2.4 The Research Behind the Notes and Its Limitations 211
3 The Philology of Manchu before Manchu: Multilingual
Historical Glossaries 214
4 Conclusion 222
Conclusion: Manchu after Qianlong 226
1 Manchu as a Language of Court Scholarship 227
2 Statistics on Manchu Document Production 228
3 A New Role for Manchu? 236
4 Survival as an Administrative Language in
Multilingual Contexts 237
5 Socio-political Change and Linguistic Change 240
6 Manchu’s Survival as a Vernacular Language 241
7 Limited use of Manchu as a Spoken Language in
Nineteenth-century Beijing 243
8 The Decline of Manchu 247
Bibliography 251
Archives and Databases Used 251
Works Cited 251
Index 289

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The Manchu way : the eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China / Mark C. Elliott.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 511-550) and index.

"In 1644, the Manchus, a relatively unknown people inhabiting China's northeastern frontier, overthrew the Ming, Asia's mightiest rulers, and established the Qing dynasty, which endured to 1912. From this event arises one of Chinese history's great conundrums: How did a barely literate alien people manage to remain in power for nearly 300 years over a highly cultured population that was vastly superior in number? Drawing on recent critical notions of ethnicity, the author explores the evolution of the 'Eight Banners', a unique Manchu system of social and military organization that was instrumental in the conquest of the Ming. Their power derived not only from the acceptance of orthodox Chinese notions of legitimacy, but also, the author suggests, from Manchu 'ethnic sovereignty', which depended on the sustained coherence of the conquest group." --Publisher description.