Subject: Friendship--Religious aspects--Christianity

concept of friendship and the culture of hospitality : the encounter between the Jesuits and late Ming China. [Jiaoyou lun 交友論. English & Chinese]
AuthorXu Dongfeng 徐東風
Place---
Publisher[University of Chicago]
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageEnglish, Chinese
TypeThesis/Dissertation (PDF)
Series
ShelfDigital Archives
Call NumberBV3247.R46 J52213 2011pdf
DescriptionPDF [ix, 441 leaves]
Note

The concept of friendship and the culture of hospitality : the encounter between the Jesuits and late Ming China / Dongfeng Xu.
Thesis (Ph.D., Dept. of Comparative Literature)—University of Chicago, 2011.
Bibliography: p. 401-441.
Appendix: A Translation of 交友論 Jiaoyou lun (A Treatise on Friendship): p. 380-400.
Local access only [XuDongfeng-Friendship.pdf]

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Dell'amicizia. [Jiaoyou lun 交友論. Italian & Chinese]
AuthorRicci, Matteo 利瑪竇, 1552-1610Mignini, FilippoQu Rukui 瞿汝夔 [Taisu 太素], 1549-1611
PlaceMacerata
PublisherQuodlibet
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageItalian, Chinese, Latin
TypeBook, Digital Book (PDF)
SeriesQuaderni Quodlibet ; 19
ShelfDirector's Office, Digital Archives
Call NumberDir. Library [BV3247.R46 J52215 2005]
Descriptiondig.pdf. [212 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.]
NoteDell'amicizia / Matteo Ricci ; a cura di Filippo Mignini.
Translation of: Jiaoyou lun 交友論.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 189-195) and index.

Introduzione di Filippo Mignini -- Cronologia essenziale -- Sigle e abbreviazioni Dell’amicizia -- I. Jiaoyou lun (riproduzione fotografica dell’edizione a stampa, Pechino 1601) -- Dell’amicizia (nuova traduzione annotata) . – II. [Risposta intorno alla amicitia al Re Chiengan Chienzat] (autografo dell’Amicizzu in italiano, Nanchang 1595-1599) -- III. Risposta del P. Matteo Ricci da / Macerata della Compagnia di Giesù intorno / all’amicitia al Re Chiengan Chienzai / Tradotta dalla lingua Cinese in Italiano dal i medesimo Autore (apografo dell’Amzciziu in italiano, s. d.) -- Qu Taisu : Da Xiyu Ligong Youlun Xu (riproduzione fotografica dell’edizione a stampa, Pechino 1629) -- Prefazione all’Amicizia del signor Ricci dei Grandi Paesi Occidentali (nuova traduzione annotata) -- Fonti -- Note alle Sentenze -- Indice delle fonti riportate nelle note alle Sentenze – Bibliografia -- Elenco dei caratteri cinesi -- Indice dei nomi.
Local access dig.pdf. [Ricci-Dell'Amicizia.pdf]

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ISBN8874620810 ; 9788874620814
LCCN2005448510
Friendship and hospitality : the Jesuit-Confucian encounter in late Ming China
AuthorXu Dongfeng 徐東風
PlaceAlbany, NY
PublisherState University of New York Press
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageEnglish
TypeDigital Book (PDF)
SeriesSUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture
ShelfDigital Archives
Call NumberBV3417.X83 2021
Descriptionpdf. [xi, 276 pages]
Note

Friendship and hospitality : the Jesuit-Confucian encounter in late Ming China /  Dongfeng Xu.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 245-265) and index.

Introduction -- Part One Friendship and the Jesuits -- 1 Striving for Divine Union: The Wholly Other and the Jesuit Vocation -- 2 Other Rhetoric: Reading Matteo Ricci's On Friendship -- Part Two Hospitality and the Confucians -- 3 The Subject of Hospitality and Sino-centrism: Theory and Chinese Cultural Background -- 4 Situating the Middle Kingdom: Matteo Ricci's World Map, the Wobbling Center, and the Undoing of the Host -- 5 Reforming the Calendar: The Ming Empire's Stairway to Heaven through the Jesuits -- 6 The Confucian Hospitality: Responding to the Jesuits -- Conclusion -- Notes.

Offers a comparative and deconstructive reading of the cross-cultural encounter between the Jesuits and their Confucian hosts in late Ming China.--OCLC note.

Librarian's note: While the focus of this study is on comparative concepts of friendship and hospitality, the text includes in-depth analysis of Ricci's 1602 Mappamondo, its layout, content, and background, and the Chinese critical response to it.  

Local access dig.pdf. [Xu-Friendship and hospitality.pdf]

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ISBN9781438484952
Jiaoyou lun 交友論
AuthorChung, Andrew 鄭安德Ricci, Matteo 利瑪竇, 1552-1610
PlaceBeijing 北京
PublisherBeijing daxue zongjiao yanjiusuo 北京大學宗教研究所
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition初稿
LanguageChinese 中文[簡體字]
TypeBook, Digital Book (PDF)
SeriesMingmo Qingchu Yesuhui sixiang wenxian huibian 明末清初耶穌會思想文獻匯編 ; 5
ShelfHallway Cases, Digital Archives
Call NumberBV3427.Z6 C68 2000 v. 5
Description20, 10 p. ; 24 cm.
NoteJiaoyou lun 交友論 / Li Madou yuanzhu ; Zheng Ande bianji 利瑪竇原著 ; 鄭安德編輯.
"本書據1599至1601年間刻本排印."
明末清初耶穌會思想文獻匯編 = An expository collection of the Christian philosophical works between the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing dynasty in China ; 第5冊.

Ricci's first published work in Chinese, the Jiaoyou lun (1595), like the Ershiwu yan 二十五言 (1605), was written for general non-Christian Chinese readership. Both works follow the late Ming mission practice of introducing the Chinese to "ancient saints and sages" of the West through passages and aphorisms translated or paraphrased from classical European sources, thus presenting a format easily recognizable to literate Chinese as similar to the Confucian tradition. Jiaoyou lun, or De Amicitia, is based on Andreas Eborensis (1478-1573) Sententiae et Exempla, a collection of statements taken from Cicero, Seneca, and other classics of antiquity. Martini based his much later work on friendship, the Qiuyou pian 求友篇 (c. 1661), on Ricci’s model. Cf. Standaert, Handbook of Christianity in China, vol. 1, p. 604-605.

Title variants: You lun 友論; On Friendship; Treatise on Making Friends; Trattato sull'Amicizia.
See the record for the Jesuit Archives (ARSI) Japonica-Sinica I, 49 edition for further textual notes.

Local access dig.pdf. in folder: [Andrew Chung Series].

Multimedia
Jiaoyou lun 交友論 [R.G. Oriente III 223 (9)]
AuthorRicci, Matteo 利瑪竇, 1552-1610Feng Yingjing 馮應京, 1555-1606
Place---
Publisher---
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageChinese 中文
TypeDigital Book (CD)
Series
ShelfDigital Archives
Call NumberBV3247.R46 J52 1601cd
DescriptionCD-ROM (34 tif images)
NoteJiaoyou lun 交友論 / Ouluobaren Li Madou zhuan 歐羅巴人利瑪竇譔. Preface: 明萬曆辛丑[1601]春正月人日...馮應京...明德堂.
Handwritten text on cover: "22: volum: Tom:g. De Conversatione inter Amicas. p. Prem Mattheum Riccium". Vatican Library edition BAV R.G. Oriente III 223 (9).
34 high-resolution .TIF files. Source: Fr. M. Antoni J. Üçerler, S.J., D. Phil (Oxon.)
Multimedia
Jiaoyou lun 交友論. [Borg. Cinese 324 (10)]
AuthorRicci, Matteo 利瑪竇, 1552-1610
Place---
Publisher---
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageChinese 中文
TypeDigital Book (PDF)
Series
ShelfDigital Archives
Call NumberBV3427.R47 J52b
Descriptiondig.pdf. [35 p.]
NoteJiaoyou lun 交友論 / Ouluobaren Li Madou zhuan 歐羅巴人利瑪竇譔.
Ricci's first published work in Chinese, the Jiaoyou lun (1595), like the Ershiwu yan 二十五言 (1605), was written for general non-Christian Chinese readership. Both works follow the late Ming mission practice of introducing the Chinese to "ancient saints and sages" of the West through passages and aphorisms translated or paraphrased from classical European sources, thus presenting a format easily recognizable to literate Chinese as similar to the Confucian tradition. Jiaoyou lun, or De Amicitia, is based on Andreas Eborensis (1478-1573) Sententiae et Exempla, a collection of statements taken from Cicero, Seneca, and other classics of antiquity. Martini based his much later work on friendship, the Qiuyou pian 求友篇 (c. 1661), on Ricci’s model.

Title variants: You lun 友論; On Friendship; Treatise on Making Friends; Trattato sull'Amicizia.
Reference: Handbook of Christianity in China, p. 139, on missionary works cited in the Zhuyi 朱翼 "Aid to [studying] Zhu [Xi]" (1616) of Jiang Xuqi 江旭奇; p. 419, on Qu Rukui and his family; p. 478, on Feng Yingjing; pp. 604-605, on Ricci’s humanistic writings and their classical sources.
Local access only [Jiaoyoulin_BAVBorgCin324-10.pdf]

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Jiaoyou lun 交友論. [Jap-Sin I, 49]
AuthorRicci, Matteo 利瑪竇, 1552-1610Feng Yingjing 馮應京, 1555-1606
Place---
Publisher---
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageChinese 中文
TypeDigital Book (CD)
Series
ShelfDigital Archives
Call NumberBV3427.R46 J52 1599cd
DescriptionCD-ROM (tif images)
NoteJiaoyou lun 交友論 / Ouluobaren Li Madou zhuan 歐羅巴人利瑪竇譔.

Jesuit Archives (ARSI) JapSin I, 49
Jiaoyou lun 交友論
By Li Madou 利瑪竇 (Matteo Ricci).
One juan in one volume. Chinese bamboo paper. Published by the Qinyitang 欽一堂 of Fuzhou (Fujian). No date of publication.

The cover bears the title in Chinese and a Latin inscription: “De Amicitia a p. Matth. Ricci, S.J.”
There is a preface by Feng Yingjing 馮應京 (ff. 1–3), dated 1601 (Wanli 29). The preface by Qu Rukui 瞿汝夔 (ff. 3–4) is dated 1599 (Wanli 27). The beginning of folio 5 gives the title in Chinese, followed by the author’s name: 歐羅巴人利瑪竇譔 (written by the European Li Madou) and the place of publication: 閩中欽一堂梓 (published by the Qinyitang of Fuzhou). The main text consists of eleven folios. Each half folio contains nine columns with twenty characters in each column. Annotations are in double lines and in small characters. The upper center of each folio bears the title, followed by the number of folio. At the end of the book there is an inscription, which gives the date [24 April 1595]: 萬曆二十三年歲次乙未月望日 (Wanli 23, the annual era being yiwei, the fifteenth of the third month, i.e., 24 April 1595). Is this the date of the original publication? Pfister seems to think so. Fang Hao thinks that this is not possible, since Ricci had not arrived in Nanchang at this time (see below). The Vatican Library possesses two editions of this book, one (R.G. Oriente III, 223.9 and Borgia Cinese 512.4) published in 1599 (Wanli 27), according to Pfister in Nanjing, and the other (Borgia Cinese 324.10) published in 1601 (Wanli 29) in Beijing by Feng Yingjing.

This book on friendship was written at the request of the Prince of Jian’an 建安王, residing in Nanchang (Jiangxi). Ricci was in Nanchang towards the end of June 1595. He was the guest of the Prince of Jian’an, who wanted to know the view of Europeans on friendship. This was the first book written in Chinese by Ricci. It was so well accepted by scholars that it was reprinted many times and was included in the following collections: Tianxue chuhan 天學初函, Baoyantang biji 寶顏堂秘笈, Yixi[chi] bicun 一瓻筆存, Guang baiquan xuehai 廣百川學海, Shanlin jingji ji 山林經濟籍, Shuofu xuji 說郛續集, Jianhu biji 堅瓠秘集, Gujin tushu jicheng 古今圖書集成 and Congshu jicheng chubian 叢書集成初編. Both the Xiaochuang bieji 小窗別紀 of Wu Congxian 吳從先 (prefaces of 1614 and 1615; see Wang 1983, p. 398) and the Zhuyi 朱翼 of Jiang Xuqi 江旭奇 (prefaces of 1616; see Wang 1983, p. 383) contain some quotations from the Jiaoyou lun. In the Yugangzhai bizhu 鬱岡齋筆麈 Ricci’s original text has been corrected by Wang Kentang 王肯堂 (fl. 1600), cf. SKTY 3:2629.

Fang Hao has made a study of the Jiaoyou lun ("Li Madou Jiaoyou lun xinyan 利瑪竇交友論新研", published in 1954 and reproduced in Fang Hao 1969, vol. 2, pp. 1849–1870; partially translated in: Fang Hao, "Notes on Matteo Ricci’s De Amicitia", Monumenta Serica 14/1949–1955, pp. 574–583). In this article he studied the different editions of this book. He also tried to correct the errors in D’Elia’s article "Il Trattato sull’Amicizia, Primo Libro scritto in cinese da Matteo Ricci, S.I." (Studia Missionalia, VII, 1952, pp. 425–515) and in his Fonti Ricciane (for the reply of D’Elia, see "Further Notes on Matteo Ricci’s De Amicitia," Monumenta Serica 15/1956, pp. 356–377). Finally he tried to trace the sources of the Jiaoyou lun in the works of Greek and Latin authors and in the fathers of the church.
Cf. Stanislaus Gné & J. Dehergne, “Le «Traité de l’amitié» de Matthieu Ricci” in Bulletin de l’Université l’Aurore 8 (Shanghai, 1947), pp. 579–619. For the biography of Qu Rukui, see JWC 1:274–283.
Source: Albert Chan, S.J., Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, pp. 77-79.

Multimedia
Jiaoyou lun 交友論. [Trattato sull'Amicizia BNCdR 72 C 467/1]
AuthorRicci, Matteo 利瑪竇, 1552-1610Feng Yingjing 馮應京, 1555-1606Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di RomaProvincia di Macerata
PlaceMacerata
PublisherProvincia di Macerata
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageChinese, Italian
TypeBook
Series
ShelfHallway Cases
Call NumberBV3247.R46 J525 1601 [1995]
Description26 fold. pages ; 24 cm.
NoteJiaoyou lun 交友論 / [Da Xiyang Yesuhuishi Li Madou shu 大西洋耶穌會士利瑪竇述. Preface: 明萬曆辛丑[1601]春正月人日...馮應京...明德堂].
Facsimile of 1601 edition held at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma.
Bilingual Italian-Chinese informational insert, published "in occasione della Settimana - Cina (Pechino 25 novembre 2 dicembre 1997) ha il piacere di presntare it Trattato sull'Amicizia, prima opera composta dal Ricci in lingua chinese, sul finire del 1595..."
"Ristampa anastatica dell'esemplare cinese posseduto dalla Bibliteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma (72 C 467/1). L'esemplare, contenente anche la prefazione di Fomimchim (i.e. Feng Yingjing 馮應京) datata 9 febbraio 1601, é tra le più antiche edizioni a stampa pervenute."—insert.
Printed on folded sheets in Chinese fashion, but glued into spine.
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On friendship : one hundred maxims for a Chinese prince. [Jiaoyou lun 交友論. English]
AuthorRicci, Matteo 利瑪竇, 1552-1610Billings, Timothy James, 1963-
PlaceNew York
PublisherColumbia University Press
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageEnglish-Chinese
TypeBook, Digital Book (PDF)
Series
ShelfHallway Cases, Digital Archives
Call NumberBV3247.R46 J5213 2009
Descriptionxi, 173 p. ; 19 cm.
NoteOn friendship : one hundred maxims for a Chinese prince / Matteo Ricci ; translated by Timothy Billings.
Introduction -- On friendship -- Chronology of editions -- Texts and variants.
Text in English and Chinese.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

Another copy Gleeson Library.
Also online at EBSCO e-Book via Ignacio (USF community).

Local access dig.pdf. [Ricci-Billings-On Friendship.pdf]

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ISBN9780231149242 ; 0231149247
LCCN2009019567
Qiuyou pian 逑友篇. [Qiuyou bian 逑友編]. [R.G. Oriente III, 223.8. Jap-Sin I, 101]
AuthorMartini, Martino 衛匡國, 1614-1661
Place---
Publisher---
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageChinese 中文
TypeBook (Text in Collection), Digital Book (PDF)
Series
ShelfHallway Cases, Digital Archives
Call NumberBX880.T562 1972 v.1
Description2 juan, [WXSB, vol. 1, pp. 1-88]
NoteIn: Tianzhujiao dongchuan wenxian sanbian 天主教東傳文獻三編, v. 1.
In: Martino Martini Opera Omnia. v. 2.
Dig.pdf.ed.local access [QiuyouPian.pdf]

Bibliographic citation (under variant title Qiuyou bian 逑友編), see: Ad Dudink & Nicolas Standaert, Chinese Christian Texts Database (CCT-Database).

JapSin I, 101
Qiuyou pian 逑友篇.
By Wei Kuangguo 衛匡國 (Martino Martini).
Two juan. Chinese bamboo paper in one volume. Published in Hangzhou in 1661 (Shunzhi 18).

The recto of the first folio is missing. The verso bears the names of the author and of the censors: Jia Yimu 賈宜睦 (Girolamo de Gravina, 1603–1662) and Hong Duzhen 洪度貞 (Humbert Augery, 1618–1673). Permission for publication was given by Liu Diwo 劉迪我 (Jacques le Favre, 1613–1675).
There are three prefaces. The first (four folios), dated Shunzhi 18 (1661), is by Zhang Anmao 張安茂, who signs as Xihu youzu 西湖游子 (a traveller of Xihu). The preface by Xu Erjue 徐爾覺 (zi 順之, the eldest of the five grandsons of Xu Guangqi) of Songjiang 松江 (Jiangsu) is badly damaged. Despite repairs it is not easy to go through it (for the text, see Hsü 1949, p. 347). The last preface is by Zhu Shi 祝石 (zi 子堅) of Lanqi 蘭谿 (Zhejiang).
The introduction (one and one-half folio), written by Martini himself, describes how this book was written: “I travelled ninety thousand li eastward . . . Now that the gentlemen of this country have made my acquaintance, let us hope that this friendship will not be an artificial one; rather let it be life long. Hence I should like to bring up the question of true friendship. . . .”
Both juan A and juan B have a table of contents (two folios) and both consist of sixteen folios. Each half folio consists of nine columns with nineteen characters to each column. The upper middle of each folio bears the title of the book. The number of the juan and of the folio is given under the fish tail.

This book is an attempt to continue the Jiaoyou lun 交友論 of Matteo Ricci (cf. Jap-Sin I, 49). Martini quotes well known and wise sayings from European philosophers, such as Cicero, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius.
According to Zhu Shi’s preface the draft was written in Lingyan 玲巖 during the fifth month of Shunzhi 4 (1647). Martini used to dictate sometimes several hundred words a day, sometimes less, and Zhu Shi had them written down. Martini died on 6 June 1661, the very year when the Qiuyoupian was published, and he did not live to see it. For this reason Xu Erjue says in his preface: “Now that the Master is dead, we cherish the hope that this treatise [of his] will remain [with us] for ever.”
For the biography of Zhu Shi, see JWC 2:120–125. He was an herbalist and also known as a good physician. The Xiyan shuo 希燕說 was one of his books. In 1684 (Kangxi 23) he was eighty-three sui of age, which implies that he was born in 1602 (Wanli 30). His literary style is said to have made the reading of his books difficult.

Cf. Courant 3415–3416; Pfister, p. 260, no. 3; Hsü 1949, pp. 345–348; Couplet, p. 33.
Source: Albert Chan, S.J., Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, pp. 152-153.

Multimedia
Sŏyang sŏnbi, ujŏngŭl nonhada : Mat'eo Rich'i , Marŭt'ino Marŭt'ini Chŏja 서양 선비, 우정을 논하다 : 마테오 리치 , 마르티노 마르티니 저자. [Jiaoyou lun 交友論. Qiuyou pian 逑友篇. Korean & Chinese]
AuthorRicci, Matteo 利瑪竇, 1552-1610Martini, Martino 衛匡國, 1614-1661Chŏng Min 정 민 – [Jeong Min 정민 - 鄭珉], 1960-
PlaceSeoul 서울
PublisherKimyŏngsa 김영사
CollectionRicci Institute Library
Edition
LanguageKorean-Chinese
TypeBook
Series
ShelfSeminar Room 102-103
Call NumberBV3247.R46 J52216 2023
Description424 p. : color ill. ; 23 cm.
Note

Sŏyang sŏnbi, ujŏngŭl nonhada : Mat'eo Rich'i , Marŭt'ino Marŭt'ini Chŏja 서양 선비, 우정을 논하다 : 마테오 리치 , 마르티노 마르티니 저자. 

Seoyang seonbi, ujeong-eul nonhada Mate-o Lichi , Maleutino Maleutini jeoja (geul) / Jeong Min Yeogju.

Translation of Jiaoyou lun 交友論 and Qiuyou pian 逑友篇. Includes Chinese texts. 

신분과 국경을 초월해 18세기 조선에 우정의 시대를 연
서양 현인의 금언집을 고전학자 정민 교수의 번역과 해설로 읽는다

조선 지성사를 깊이 탐구해온 고전학자 정민 교수가 16~17세기 동서양 문물 교류의 선구였던 마테오 리치의 《교우론》과 마르티노 마르티니의 《구우편》을 새롭게 번역하고 풀어낸 신작. 키케로, 세네카, 아우구스티누스 등 그리스·로마 시대의 격언과 일화부터 《성경》과 《이솝우화》까지. 옛 성현들의 우정에 대한 금언집에 상세한 해제와 영인본, 화보 등 풍성한 자료를 더했다. 서학과 유학이 다르지 않음을 증명해 동아시아와의 접촉면을 확장하고 천주교 신앙을 전파하는 데 토대를 마련한 《교우론》과 《구우편》. 성호 이익, 연암 박지원, 청장관 이덕무 등 조선 후기 지식인들 사이에서 유행한 우정론 열풍의 중심. 신분과 당파, 국경을 초월한 우정의 시대를 만난다.

목차

서언

교우론
마테오 리치의 짧은 서문
교우론
《교우론》을 판각하며 쓴 서문 _풍응경
대 서역 이마두 공이 지은 《우론》의 서문 _구여기
《교우론》의 제사 _주정책
《교우론》의 짧은 서문 _진계유
양강총독채진본 《교우론》 1권 제요

구우편
《구우편》의 짧은 서문
상권
1 참된 벗을 얻는 일의 어려움
2 참된 벗과 가짜 벗의 구별
3 참된 벗은 서로를 두려워하지 않는다
4 마땅히 어떤 벗을 택해야 할까
5 좋지 않은 벗의 해로움
6 좋은 벗의 유익함
7 참된 사랑의 능력
8 참된 사귐의 바탕
9 참된 벗은 벗의 이치를 따르고, 의리가 아닌 것은 추구하지 않는다
10 스스로 착하지 않은 것 외에는 참된 벗은 마땅히 행하지 못할 것이 없다
11 벗에 대한 근거 없는 의심 풀기
하권
12 벗의 선악은 물들기가 쉽다
13 벗과 사귀는 사람은 성을 내면 안 되고, 다만 온화하고 부드러워야 한다
14 사귐은 증오를 품어서는 안 되고 질투하여 다투어서도 안 된다
15 사귀는 벗을 비방하지 말라
16 벗을 사귐에 자신을 뽐내지 말라
17 혀가 둘인 사람은 벗으로 삼아서는 안 된다
18 벗을 사귐에 선물하는 것은 벗을 사귀는 것이 아니다
19 선물의 마땅함을 잘 활용하라
20 로마 황제 마르쿠스가 그의 벗 피라모에게 준 편지
《구우편》 서문 _장안무
《구우편》 서문 _서이각
서 _축석
《구우편》 서문 _심광유
《교구합록》 서문 _유응

(Matteo Ricci, 1552~1610)
이탈리아 출신 예수회 선교사로, 중국명은 이마두(利瑪竇), 자는 서태(西泰), 호는 시헌(時憲)이다. 1552년 이탈리아 마체라타에서 태어나 1571년 예수회에 입회했다. 1582년 마카오에 도착해 1583년 광동성 조경(肇慶)에서 정식으로 전교를 시작했다. 승려 복장 때문에 봉변을 당한 후 자신을 ‘승(僧)’이라 일컫던 불교 코드를 버리고 유복(儒服)으로 복장을 바꿔 ‘도인(道人)’이라 칭하는 등 유학의 접근법으로 전교의 방향을 전환했다. 1601년 북경에서 명나라 만력제(萬曆帝)를 알현했고, 서양의 학문을 소개해 서광계(徐光啓), 이지조(李之藻) 등 중국 고위 관료들과 교류했다. 1610년 58세 나이로 세상을 떠났다. 유클리드 기하학을 번역한 《기하원본(幾何原本)》, 세계지도에 해설을 덧붙인 〈곤여만국전도(坤輿萬國全圖)〉 등을 펴내 초기 서학을 중국에 알린 서학동전(西學東傳)의 선구다.
‘교우(交友)’는 ‘벗과 사귄다’는 의미로, 《교우론》은 황족 건안왕(建安王)의 요청으로 저술되어 1599년 간행되었다. 서양 문화에 대한 중국의 거부감과 경계심을 줄이기 위해 의도적으로 종교적 색채를 배제하고 우정의 주제에만 집중했다.

 

(Martino Martini, 1614~1661)
이탈리아 출신 예수회 선교사로, 중국명은 위광국(衛匡國), 자는 제태(濟泰)다. 1614년 이탈리아 트렌토에서 태어나 1631년 예수회에 입회했다. 1643년 마카오에 도착해 절강성 난계(蘭谿)에서 전교를 시작했다. 유학이라는 현지적응주의적 접근법과 관련해 교황청으로부터 교리를 위배했다는 오해를 사 로마로 소환되었으나, 교황을 설득해 1658년 다시 마카오로 돌아왔다. 1659년 북경에서 청나라 순치제(順治帝)를 알현했다. 이후 항주에 장대한 성당을 건립했고, 성당이 완공된 1661년 47세 나이로 세상을 떠났다. 중국 통사를 최초로 서방에 알린 《중국역사초편십권(中國歷史初編十卷)》, 중국 지도를 담은 《중국신지도집(中國新地圖集)》 등을 라틴어로 펴내 한학을 서양에 소개한 동학서전(東學西傳)의 기수다.
‘구우(逑友)’는 ‘진정한 벗’이라는 의미로, 《구우편》은 《교우론》의 내용을 확장해 1661년 간행되었다. 당시는 천주교가 중국 사회에 뿌리를 내린 이후였으므로, 우정의 주제를 선교의 방편으로 활용해 《성경》을 다수 인용하는 등 신앙을 전면에 내세웠다.

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