Contemporary missiology : an introduction / 

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Prolegomena: -- The term "missiology" -- Meaning of the term -- The place of missiology in the Encylopedia of Theology -- The relationship between missiology and other disciplines -- The position of missiology within theological education -- Protestant missiology prior to the nineteenth century: -- The sixteenth-century reformer's views on missions and missiology -- Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Dutch missionary projects -- Fragments of missiological reflection during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the pioneer period of missions -- Bibliography -- The history of missiology during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries: -- German missiology -- Dutch missiology -- English missiology -- Scandanavian missiology -- Swiss missiology -- French protestant missiology -- Missiology in the United States -- A general look at Asian, African, and Latin American missiology -- Asian missiology -- A contribution from Sierra Leone -- South African missiology -- Latin American missiology -- Sources for the study of Roman Catholic missiology -- International association for mission studies -- The Biblical foundation for the worldwide mission mandate: -- The increased urgent need for a Biblical foundation -- The "how" of a Biblical foundation -- The significance of the Old Testament -- The intertestamental period -- The New Testament: book of world mission -- Bibliography -- The communication of the gospel to the church and the Jewish people: -- The New Testament "people of God" and the Old Testament "people of the promise" in Romans 9-11 -- Jews and Christians in Europe until the close of the second World War -- The World Council of Churches, the Roman Catholic church, and Judaism after the Second World War -- New ideas developed on the relationship of Jews to churches -- Who must communicate the gospel to the Jewish people? -- Changes in Judaism which affect the communication of the gospel -- How to communicate the gospel to the Jews -- Zionism -- The state of Israel -- The Palestinian question -- Theological interpretations of the modern state of Israel and the Middle East -- Reconciling Israelis and Palestinian Arabs -- Motives for fulfilling the missionary task: -- Pure motives -- Impure motives -- The goal and purpose of mission: -- The goal of saving individual souls -- Ecclesiocentric goals -- The "three-self" formula -- The goal of church growth -- The goal of forming a Christian society -- The goal of the "social gospel" -- The goal of improving macrostructures -- The goal of God's mission and ours as seen in the Bible -- Ways and means: -- Means of proclaiming the gospel of God's kingdom -- Means of fulfilling diaconal responsibility -- Means of communicating the gospel through fellowship (koinonia) -- Means of contributing to justice -- Bibliography -- The study of Asian, African, and Latin American countries: -- The trend toward decolonizing historiography -- Replacing the histories of Western missions with studies of young churches -- Bibliography -- A brief survey of ecumenical organizations in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific islands: -- The Christian conference of Asia -- The Pacific conference of churches -- The Middle East Council of Churches -- The Union Latino Americana provisoria pro unidad evangelica -- The Caribbean conference of churches -- Bibliography -- A brief guide to the literature on black theology and on the theological developments in Asia, Africa, and Latin America: -- The meaning of indigenous theological subjects -- Theological trends in Asia -- Africa -- Latin America -- Introduction to the Literature of black theology -- Bibliography -- The vision of missions in all six continents and the summons to mutual assistance among the churches: -- The need for a new relationship between churches -- The Bible on the relations between churches -- Reforming the patterns of relationship between the churches -- Criteria for matching needs to missionary and diaconal resources -- Personnel assistance -- Financial assistance -- Assistance in altering the work patterns -- Administrative assistance -- Mutual assistance -- In search of mature relationships between churches to complete the task -- Synchronizing mission with evangelism in all six contintents -- Trends in the theology of religions: types of contemporary dialogue: -- The need for a fresh approach -- Changes in the Roman Catholic theology of religions -- Trends in protestant theology of religions -- Toward a rough draft of a theology of religions -- Theology of religions and science of religions -- Theology of religions and missiology -- Varieties of dialogue -- Bibliography -- A study and evaluation of ideologies in the developing countries: -- The role of ideologies today -- The meaning of the term "ideology" today -- The rise and function of ideologies -- The influence of ideologies in developing countries -- Transforming religion into an ideology of the state -- The ideology of the state in Indonesia: the pantjasila -- The ideology of the secular state -- The ideology of African socialism -- Techno-fascist ideology in Latin America -- Evaluation the ideologies -- Missio Politica Oecumenica -- Bibliography -- Epilogue: -- The vision of Jesus Christ who calls us to mission -- The breadth and depth of salvation -- The scope of the missionary task -- Setting priorities -- Evaluation of programs and projects -- Planning and promoting to fulfill the missionary task -- Rousing Christians to participate in the task.

Guankan yü zhengjiu zhijian : Kelanahe tuxiang zhong de lingxing jiaolü yü Lude shenxue de huixiang 觀看與拯救之間 ：克拉納赫圖像中的靈性焦慮與路德神學的回響 = Between Vision and Salvation: Spiritual Anxiety in Cranach’s Images and the Echo of Luther’s Theology / by Zhao Chenqing 趙晨清 Huang Baoluo 黃保羅

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 119-132.

Local access dig.pdf [Zhao_Chenqing_Huang_Baoluo_guankan_zhengjiu.pdf]

Abstract:

老盧卡斯·克拉納赫，16 世紀德意誌宗教改革與文藝複興的重要人物，兼具畫家、政治家與商人等多重身份。其繪畫作品深刻反映了改革前夕社會宗教焦慮及對人文主義思潮與羅馬教會救贖觀的回應。“路德肖像”、圖像論戰、反聖像運動等重要事件揭示着，二者對於賦予圖像生産與觀看以主體性的肯定態度。克拉納赫筆下有關宗教改革事件、耶穌、聖母等主題的圖像，不僅是路德教義傳播的媒介，更喚起觀者在觀看中確認個人信仰與救贖的視覺機製。其圖像在新教改革的語境中，成爲教義表達、信仰確証與視覺參與的實驗場，體現出路德開啟的主體性下視覺語言的多元開放與神學歸屬的張力並存維度。

Lucas Cranach the Elder, a significant figure of the sixteenth-century German ReformationandRenaissance, held multiple roles as a painter, politician, and merchant. His paintings deeply reflect the social andreligious anxieties on the eve of the Reformation, as well as responses to humanist thought and the RomanChurch’s doctrine of salvation. Key events such as the “Luther portraits,” the image controversies, andtheiconoclastic movement reveal Cranach’s and Luther’s shared affirmation of subjectivity in both the productionand reception of images. Cranach’s depictions of themes related to the Reformation, Jesus, and the VirginMaryserved not only as media for disseminating Lutheran doctrine but also as visual mechanisms that evoke viewers’affirmation of personal faith and salvation through the act of looking. Within the context of the Protestant Reformation, his imagery became an experimental site for doctrinal expression, faith confirmation, andvisual engagement, embodying the plural openness of visual language inaugurated by Luther’s concept of subjectivity, alongside the persistent tensions of theological affiliation.

Lude zong de zuzhi tiancai Yuehanneisi Bugenhagen de shengping huodong yu gaige shijian 路德宗的組織天才約翰內斯 · 布根哈根的生平活動與改革實踐 = The life activities and reform practices of Johannes Bugenhagen, the organizational genius of Lutheranism / by Huang Zhihai 黃智海

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 58-72.

Local access dig.pdf [Huang_Zhihai_Ludezong.pdf]

Abstract:

約翰內斯·佈根哈根的名字儘管能夠與路德、墨蘭頓並提，然而在知名度上卻遠不如後兩者，他是聚光燈之外的影子人物。本文聚焦於這位“聚光燈之外的改革者”，梳理其生平經曆，及其在德國北部和北歐地區的週遊組織情況。本文髮現佈根哈根與路德神學在“信仰與善行”上有着細微的不同，他更善於將“因信稱義”這一宗教改革口號與信仰的美好果實聯繫起來：在對路德的私人牧養時給予了路德莫大的安慰，在組織新生路德宗時形成了以教會法令爲基礎、以教會權力改革與社會服務改革爲具體內容的改革實踐，深刻地影響了現代福利國家製度。通過對佈根哈根這位“路德宗的組織天才”的梳理分析，我們看到了聚光燈之外的獨特光芒，如此便能逐步還原宗教改革運動的整全圖景。

Johannes Buggenhagen, whose name can be mentioned alongside Luther and Melanchthonbut ismuch less well known than the latter two, is a shadow figure beyond the limelight. This article focuses onthis‘Reformer beyond the Limelight’, examining his life story and his organisation of travels in northern Germanyand Scandinavian. The paper finds a subtle difference between Bugenhagen and Luther's theology intermsof‘faith and good works’, as he was more adept at linking the Reformation slogan of ‘justification by faith’ tothegood fruits of faith: in his personal pastoral care of Luther, he gave him great comfort; in the organisationof thenew Lutheran Church, he was a great help to him; and in the organisation of the new Lutheran Church, hewasagreat help to Luther in his personal pastoral care. In the organisation of the new Lutheran Church, theReformation practice based on the Church’s ordinances, the reform of the Church’s authority and the reformofsocial services had a profound influence on the modern welfare state system. By analysing Buggenhagen, the‘organisational genius of Lutheranism’, we see a unique light outside the limelight, so that we can graduallyrestore the whole view of the Reformation movement.

Mading  Lude Yingguo de lunbian zhe : Tuomasi Moer 馬丁 · 路德英國的論辯者——托馬斯 · 莫爾 = Martin Luther's British Debater：Thomas More / by Liu Weijie 劉維杰

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 163-176.

Local access dig.pdf [Liu_Weijie_Mading_Lude.pdf]

Abstract:

在 16 世紀歐洲的宗教改革中，托馬斯・莫爾與馬丁・路德在權威、教會、意誌等神學觀唸上有諸多分歧。莫爾認爲基督教啟示信仰有書麵《聖經》和非書麵教會兩個來源，教會傳統和實踐與聖經同等重要，聖靈賦予教會解釋聖經的權力，路德強調聖經的唯一權威性。莫爾認爲教會是可見的普世團體，路德視其爲內在靈性團體。莫爾認爲上帝恩典與人類自由意誌共存共行，路德強調上帝恩典的決定性作用。莫爾在基督教人文主義思想上融合信仰與理性，主張在天主教會內部進行革新而反對路德推翻天主教會權威，他在文學創作中有《烏托邦》等經典，在政治思想上提倡公有製體製。莫爾在不同群體中有不同形象的解讀，他的思想與實踐有重要意義但也有曆史局限性。

In the religious reform in Europe in the 16th century, there were many differences betweenThomasMore and Martin Luther in theological concepts such as authority, church, and will. More believed that Christianrevelatory faith has two sources: the written Bible and the unwritten church. Church traditions and practicesareequally important as the Bible. The Holy Spirit endows the church with the power to interpret the Bible. Lutheremphasized the unique authority of the Bible. More regarded the church as a visible universal community, whileLuther saw it as an inner spiritual community. More believed that God's grace and human free will coexist andact together. Luther emphasized the decisive role of God's grace. In Christian humanist thought, More integratedfaith and reason, advocated reform within the Catholic Church and opposed Luther's overthrowof the authorityof the Catholic Church. He had classics such as "Utopia" in literary creation. In political thought, he advocatedapublic ownership system. More has different interpretations of his image among different groups. His thoughtsand practices are of great significance but also have historical limitations.

Mading · Lude yu Hengli bashi : lunzhan zhong de xinyang zhuanbian 馬丁·路德與亨利八世：論戰中的信仰轉變 = Martin Luther and Henry VIII: conversion of faith in controversy / by Yu Tao 于濤 Wei Yuqi 魏鈺琪

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025): 39-57.

Local access dig.pdf [Yu_Tao_Wei_Yuqi_Mading_Lude.pdf]

Abstract:

Mengyou yü duishou : Lude yü Kaershitate cong gongrong dao juelie de gaige zhilu 盟友與對手：路德與卡爾施塔特從共融到決裂的改革之路 =  Allies and Adversaries: The Path of Reform from Communion to Rift between Luther and Karlstadt / by Nie Rujie 聶汝杰

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 135-147.

Local access dig.pdf [Nie_Rujie_Mengyou_duishou.pdf]

Abstract:

傳統視角下德意誌地區的宗教改革，遵循的是以路德爲中心的單一敘事模式，但其實宗教改革是一件充滿了內部張力與多元路徑的複雜曆史事件。本文以維登貝格神學家安德烈亞斯·卡爾施塔特爲研究對象，旨在突破以路德宗爲中心的標籤化敘事的窠臼，還原其作爲路德“盟友與對手”的雙重角色。本文通過考察二人從早期在奧古斯丁神學遺産下結爲改革同盟，到因《雅各書》地位、舊約律法規範性及改革策略等細微分歧而産生裂隙，再到在 1521-1522 年“維登貝格運動”中因權力博弈和教會本質理唸衝突而徹底決裂的全過程，髮現兩者的關繫演變揭示了宗教改革初期神學論爭與政治實踐交織的複雜性，其決裂的主因並非純粹的教義分歧，而是在改革速度、權威結構與教會形態等方麵的策略性抉擇。此外，卡爾施塔特的激進改革雖然遭到了當局的否定，但其思想通過再洗禮派的脈絡仍對新教的多元麵貌産生了巨大的影響。

The traditional narrative of the Reformation in the German lands often follows a Luther-centricmonolithic framework. In reality, however, the Reformation was a complex historical event marked byinternal tensions and multiple trajectories. This paper focuses on the Wittenberg theologian Andreas Karlstadt, aimingtomove beyond the reductive labeling prevalent in Lutheran-dominated historiography and restore his dual roleasboth ally and adversary of Martin Luther. By examining their early alliance rooted in Augustinian theology, theemerging fissures over issues such as the canonical status of the Epistle of James, the normative role of OldTestament law, and reform strategies, and finally their complete breakdown during the Wittenberg Movement (1521–1522) due to conflicts over authority and ecclesiology, this study reveals the intricate interplaybetweentheological debate and political practice in the early Reformation. It argues that the primary cause of their rift was not doctrinal differences per se, but rather strategic choices concerning the pace of reform, structuresofauthority, and the form of the church. Although Karlstadt’s radical initiatives were suppressed by the authorities, his ideas continued to exert a significant influence on the pluralistic landscape of Protestantismthroughthelineage of the Anabaptists.

Renwen zhuyi xuezhe Yilasimo : lun qi shengping, ji yü Mading  Lude de ziyou yizhi wenti lunbian 人文主義學者伊拉斯謨——論其生平、及與馬丁 · 路德的自由意志問題論辯 = The Humanist Scholar Erasmus：On His Life and the Debate with Martin Luther on the Issue of Free Will / by Dou Haodong 竇皓東

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 148-160.

Local access dig.pdf [Dou_Haodong_Renwen_zhuyi_xuezhe.pdf]

Abstract:

16 世紀的宗教改革不僅是對教會權威的挑戰，也是哲學、宗教實踐與社會倫理之間的深刻碰撞。馬丁·路德作爲改革的旗幟人物，推動了對教義和教會權威的激烈批判。然而，路德的改革背後不僅有深厚的神學背景，也與一批具有影響力的人文主義者有着複雜的關繫，其中尤以伊拉斯謨爲代表。伊拉斯謨和路德的思想分歧反映了文藝複興人文主義與宗教改革之間的根本性差異。兩人都關心教會的腐敗，但在如何改革教會和實現個人的道德修養方麵，伊拉斯謨主張理性、教育與溫和改革，而路德則主張徹底的教義革新和對教會權威的否定。本文探討了伊拉斯謨與路德在宗教改革中的思想衝突，分析了二者在自由意誌、救贖和教義問題上的分歧，揭示了他們的理論如何推動了宗教改革的不同走向，並影響了後世哲學和神學的髮展。

The 16th-century Reformation was not only a challenge to the authority of the Church but alsoaprofound collision between philosophy, religious practice, and social ethics. Martin Luther, as the figureheadofthe Reformation, led an intense critique of doctrine and church authority. However, behind Luther's Reformationwas not only a deep theological foundation but also a complex network of influential humanists, withErasmusbeing one of the most significant figures. The intellectual divergence between Erasmus and Luther reflectsafundamental divide between Renaissance humanism and the Reformation. Both were concerned withthecorruption of the Church, but while Erasmus advocated for rationality, education, and moderate reform, Luthercalled for a complete doctrinal overhaul and a rejection of ecclesiastical authority. This paper explorestheideological conflict between Erasmus and Luther, analyzing their disagreements on free will, salvation, anddoctrinal issues. It reveals how their theories shaped different trajectories for the Reformation and influencedthedevelopment of philosophy and theology in subsequent centuries.

Shizi yu yezhu de jiaoliang : Liao shishi yu Mading · Lude de lishi hudong 獅子與野豬的較量：利奧十世與馬丁·路德的歷史活動 =  The Lion vs. the Boar: The Historical Interaction between Leo X and Martin Luther / by Zhang Kuodong 張擴棟 Zhang Shiying 張仕穎

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025): 25-36.

Local access dig.pdf [Zhang_Kuodong_Zhang_Shiying_shizi.pdf]

Abstract:

The hidden anchor : Katharina von Bora's contributions on Luther reformation through counsel and conversation / by Ma Tianji 馬天濟

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 101-118.

Local access dig.pdf [Ma_Tianji_hidden_anchor.pdf]

Abstract:

卡塔琳娜·馮·博拉（1499–1552）作爲馬丁·路德的妻子，長期被宗教改革的曆史邊緣化。本文重新審視她在新教改革中的不可或缺的貢獻，指出她作爲思想夥伴、家庭管理者和情感支柱的角色，爲路德的神學工作奠定了基礎。通過對路德的書信和《餐桌談話》等一手資料的分析，本文展示她如何將維滕貝格的家園塑造爲神學交流的中心，積極參與改革者的社交網絡，並在關鍵時刻影響路德的決定。她在改革者餐桌上的存在、對教義討論的參與，以及在路德病中給予的安慰與勸導，証明她遠非一個被動的配偶。本文綜合當代研究與原始資料，促使我們以更性別平衡的視角理解宗教改革，使卡塔琳娜成爲改革事業中一位真正的“隱藏的錨”。

Katharina von Bora (1499–1552), wife of Martin Luther, has long been relegated to the margins of Reformationhistoriography. This article reexamines her indispensable contributions to the Protestant movement, arguing that her roleasintellectual companion, domestic administrator, and emotional anchor was foundational to Luther’s theological productivity. Drawing on primary sources—Luther’s correspondence and Tischreden (“table talks”) —the study analyzes how Katharina shapedthe Wittenberg household as a hub of theological discourse, engaged actively in Reformers’ networks, and at times directlyinfluenced Luther’s decisions. Her visibility at the Reformers’ table, participation in doctrinal debates, and steadfast counsel duringLuther’s illnesses reveal her to be far more than a supportive spouse. By synthesizing contemporary scholarship and archival materials, this article contributes to a more gender-inclusive understanding of the Reformation. Katharina von Bora emerges not merely as the Reformer’s wife, but as a hidden anchor of his mission and a pioneering model of Protestant womanhood.

You shi er zhong : Lude de zhongcheng zhuisuizhe Yousitusi · Yuenasi 由始而終 ： 路德的忠誠追隨者尤斯圖斯 · 約拿斯 = From the Beginning to the End: Luther's Loyal Follower Justus Jonas / by Yang Wenhan 楊文翰 Zhang Shiying 張仕穎

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025)：75-85.

Local access dig.pdf [Yang_Wenhan_Zhang_Shiying_You shi_er zhong.pdf]

Abstract:

尤斯圖斯·約拿斯近乎是路德及其教義最忠誠的追隨者。他最初是通過伊拉斯謨與路德建立聯繫，沃爾姆斯會議以後卻出於對路德的絶對認同，義無反顧地走向他早期學術偶像的對立麵。在維滕貝格工作期間，約拿斯習慣使用奧古斯丁式的“末世論”框架爲路德及宗教改革展開辯護，而從未嚐試髮展任何偏離路德的神學可能。麵對多方刁難，約拿斯受命在哈勒地區傳教，經過五年即讓當地的改革宗勢力勝過天主教會。在艾斯萊本，約拿斯目睹並記錄了路德的死亡，在報告中他有意強調路德臨終前的言語和儀式，以維護路德信仰的正統性，同時又努力把這一事件刻畫爲對改革宗教義的一次真實見証。

Justus Jonas was close to being the most devoted follower of Luther and his teachings. Initiallyassociated with Luther through Erasmus, after the Worms Conference he moved unhesitatingly towardstheantithesis of his earlier scholarly idol out of absolute identification with Luther. During his time at Wittenberg, Jonas was accustomed to defending Luther and the Reformation using an Augustinian “eschatological”framework, without ever attempting to develop any theological possibilities that deviated fromLuther. Intheface of many difficulties, Jonas was commissioned to preach in the region of Halle, and within five years hadmade the Lutheran Church more powerful than the Catholic Church in the region. At Eisleben, Jonas witnessedand recorded Luther's death, and in his report he intentionally emphasized Luther's dying words and ritualsinorder to preserve the orthodoxy of Luther's faith, while at the same time endeavoring to portray the event asanauthentic witness to Lutheran doctrine.