China on paper : European and Chinese works from the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century / edited by Marcia Reed and Paola Demattè.
Accompanies an exhibition held at the Getty Research Institute, Nov. 6, 2007-Feb. 10, 2008.

In search of perfect clarity / Marcia Reed and Paola Demattè -- A perfume is best from afar : publishing China for Europe / Marcia Reed -- Christ and Confucius : accommodating Christian and Chinese beliefs / Paola Demattè -- From astronomy to heaven : Jesuit science and the conversion of China / Paola Demattè -- Mapping an acentric world : Ferdinand Verbiest's Kunyu quantu / Gang Song and Paola Demattè -- War and peace : four intercultural landscapes / Richard E. Strassberg.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 218-223) and index. ***Graphic resource.

Added keywords: engraving, Yuanmingyuan 圓明園, publishing of Jesuit books on China in Europe, publishing of Jesuit works in China, illustrated albums, Jesuit science, technology, astronomical instruments, Kunyu quantu 坤輿全圖, Chinese maps, geography, battle scenes, impressions of Chinese life in European books and prints, Christian imagery in Chinese books.

Local access dig.pdf. [China on Paper.pdf]

Ferdinand Verbiest and Jesuit science in 17th century China : an annotated edition and translation of the Constantinople manuscript (1676) / Noël Golvers and Efthymios Nicolaidis.
Jointly published: Athens : Institute for Neohellenic Research ; Leuven : Ferdinand Verbiest Institute.
In English and Latin.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 371-378) and index.

"This book contains two manuscript texts of Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. (1623-1688), written in 1676 in Beijing to the attention of the Russian tsar, and brought by the legate Nicolas Spathary Milescu to Moscow. Both texts represent the oldest layer of the Astronomia Europaea corpus, and were until recently forgotten. Their recent discovery was in the form of a manuscript copy, which Chysanthos Notaras had made them in Moscow in 1693. The manuscripts have since then been kept in library of the Metochion of the patriarchate of Jerusalem in Constantinople. In this publication, the authors are reconstituting the Latin text, translating it in English and annotating it. In the Introduction, the manuscripts are situated within the corpus of Verbiest's Latin writings, and are depicted both the parts that were afterwards re-cycled in the well-known Compendium Latinum and Astronomia Europaea edition (Dilingen, 1687), and those that were eventually omitted. Moreover, the story of the Moscow manuscript, and especially that of its Constantinopolitan copy - until now the only remaining testimonium of it - is traced. This description also reveals an until now unknown reception of 17th century Jesuit astronomy, mechanics and physics in post-Byzantine Russia and South-Eastern Europe."--Publisher's description.

Local access dig.pdf. [Golvers-verbiest Jesuit science.pdf]

JapSin II, 41.3
Gujin jiaoshi kao 古今交食考.
By Tang Ruowang 湯若望 (Johann Adam Schall von Bell).
One juan. Chinese bamboo paper in one volume. No date or place of publication.

The cover bears a label with the title and a Latin inscription: “Examen veterarum et | modernorum Eclipsium | a p. Adamo Schall | S.J.”

Cf. Väth, p. 364, no. 11; Courant 4963–II.
Source: Albert Chan, S.J., Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, pp. 338-339.

JapSin II, 38.4
Hengxing jingwei biao 恆星經緯表.
By Tang Ruowang 湯若望 (Johann Adam Schall von Bell).
Two juan (juan 5–6), in two ce. Bamboo paper. No date or place of publication.

The cover bears the title Hengxing biao 恆星表and a Latin inscription: “De motu stellarum fixarum cum suis tabulis.”

Cf. Courant 4966–II, 4967, 4970; Väth, p. 365, no. 13.
Source: Albert Chan, S.J., Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, pp. 324-325.

Hengxing li 恆星曆 / Tang Ruowang zhuan 湯若望譔.
Manuscript copy of Schall's Hengxing lizhi 恆星曆指 made in Japan. Undated, but probably late 18th-early 19th century.
The errors in binding match the edition held in Rome. See Jap-Sin II, 38.3 for bibliographic details.

One of a number of books written in Chinese by Jesuits that were copied in Japan after the prohibition of these works. Schall's original work was published in 1631 but not widely distributed. It was not on the early Japanese lists of prohibited books.
Vermillion seal imprint: 明德館圖書庫.

Full bibliographic citation see: Ad Dudink & Nicolas Standaert, Chinese Christian Texts Database (CCT-Database).

JapSin II, 38.3
Hengxing lizhi 恆星曆指.
By Tang Ruowang 湯若望 (Johann Adam Schall von Bell).
Three juan. Bamboo paper. No date or place of publication.

The cover bears the title Hengxingli 恆星曆 and a Latin inscription: “De motu stellarum fixarum cum suis tabulis.”

Digital file (high-resolution jpg) is from the Bavarian State Library. Please refer to BSB website OR MDZ for information.
Local access dig.jpg. [Kogler-Huangdao.jpg]

Note: The following description refers to the solitary example with Latin transcriptions by Fr. Gaubil, not the BSB version. The notes below are for informational purposes only.

KOGLER, Ignatius 戴進賢 and MOGGI, Ferdinando Bonaventuri. 利白明
Chinese Star Map: 黃道總星圖 Huangdao zongxing tu. [Tabula stellarum universalis eclipticae] (北京 Peking, 内府1723).
圖下鐫 “大清雍正元年歲次癸卯 - 極西戴進賢立法利白明鐫”

Background: Maggs Bros. catalogue 1480, Sino-European Imprints of the 17th and 18th century
Twin-hemispherical stellar map by Ignatius (Ignz) Kögler (1680-1746) arrived in China 1716, reached Beijing 1717, assumed position in Imperial Observatory. 18th century Jesuits at the Observatory kept informed of scientific developments in Europe. … aware of the findings of Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli (1598-1671, Bologna) on lunar features as well as his arguments concerning the motion of the earth. Isaac Newton (1642-1726) first calculated perturbing effect of the sun on relative motion of earth and moon and Kögler quickly updated the lunisolar tables in China. 1742 he published his findings in the compilation Lixiang kaocheng houbian 御製曆象考成後編 (Second part of the thorough Investigation of Calendrical Astronomy composed for the Emperor)……combined elements of Kepler and Newton to form new mathematical principles underlying the motions of the sun and moon. In the lower center is an image of the moon clearly based on the findings of Riccioli. Ferdinando Bonaventuri Moggi (1694-1761) was a Florentine who studied art and architecture and it is likely that he is the engraver of the plate which - although written in Chinese – bears all the hall-marks of European map design of the late 17th century. Moggi built several churches in China, but none have survived. This map is undoubtedly a nei-fu 内府 palace production.
Needham states in Hall of Heavenly Records (1986) that he saw the present map with Mr. Philipp Robinson in 1953 and goes on to say: “Mr Robinson informed us that the engraving… appeared among a number of original documents and holograph letters of Antoine Gaubil S.J. (1689-1759) [...] One of Gaubil’s letters encloses a letter, written in Latin by Kögler on 13 March 1726, which refers to this very star-map.” It is likely that the annotations on this map are by Gaubil himself, giving transcriptions of the names of the planets. The map incorporates lunar surface phenomena from Galileo, Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712) and Christaan Huygens (1629-1695)....
Provenance: The Clermont – Meerman – Sir Thomas Phillipps – Robinson copy.

Background: Sotheby’s, The Library of Philip Robinson, Part II, The China Collection (catalogue, 1988, Lot 92, p.87)
This chart is the original from which a large Korean astronomical screen was made in the Yi dynasty of the Chosŏn Kingdom of Seoul. It was among the papers of Fr. Antoine Gaubil, gving transcriptions of the names of the planets.
Several lots from this auction are held at the Ricci Institute.

JapSin II, 41.4
Jiaoshi lizhi 交食曆指.
By Tang Ruowang 湯若望 (Johann Adam Schall von Bell).
Seven juan. Chinese bamboo paper in seven volumes. No date or place of publication.

There is a label on the cover with the title and a Latin inscription: “Modus calculandi eclipses | solis et lunae | a p. Adam Schall | 7 Tomi.”

Juan 1: Wu Mingzhu 鄔明著, Zhou Shitai 周士泰, Chen Yingdeng 陳應登, Zhu Guangxian 朱光顯, Cheng Tingrui 程廷瑞, and Zhou Shicui 周士萃.
Juan 2–3: Chen Yujie 陳于階, Yin Kai 殷鎧, Ge Chengke 戈承科, Xu Huan 徐瑍, Song Fa 宋發, and Bao Yingqi 鮑英齊.
Juan 4: Zhu Maoyuan 祝懋元, Zhang Youzhuan 掌有篆, Zhu Guoshou 朱國壽, Zuo Yunhe 左允和, Li Zubai 李祖白, and Wu Zhiyan 武之彥.
Juan 5: Huang Hongxian 黃宏憲, Li Hua 李華, Jia Liangdong 賈良棟, Jiao Yingxu 焦應旭, Zhang Cheng 掌乘, and Song Keli 宋可立.
Juan 6: Pan Guoxiang 潘國祥, Chen Zhengjian 陳正諫, Liu Youqing 劉有慶, Zhu Guangda 朱光大, Ge Jiwen 戈繼文, and Zhou Shichang 周士昌.
Juan 7: Jia Liangqi, Xu Huan, Chen Yingdeng, Liu Youtai 劉有泰, Wu Mingzhu, and Yin Kai.

The verso of the title page of juan 2 gives the name of the official who was in charge of the printing blocks (Yang Weiyi): 明工部虞衡清史司郎中楊惟一梓. Except for juan 1 and 7, this line appears in all the volumes. Folio 9a of juan 1 gives the title as: 曆指第九卷，交食一, the last or seventh volume of this book being 曆指第十五，交食七.
There is a preface by Schall himself (two and one-half folios). There are nine columns in each half folio with twenty-two characters in the first column of each paragraph and twenty-one in the rest of the paragraph. Annotations are given in double lines and in smaller characters.

Cf. Courant 4963–I; Väth, p. 364, no. 9.
Source: Albert Chan, S.J., Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, pp. 339-340.

Das Leben des Landsberger Chinamissionars Ignaz Kögler dient der vorliegenden Monographie als Vorlage für eine Betrachtung der China-Mission der Jesuiten im 18. Jahrhundert. Köglers Leben ist bisher noch nicht ausreichend wissenschaftlich untersucht worden und deckt sich in entscheidenden Punkten mit den bedeutenden Ereignissen der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts: Kögler kam fast zeitgleich mit den Ritenverboten in China an und starb, kurz bevor unter dem Kaiser Qianlong die ersten Märtyrer unter den Missionaren in China zu beklagen waren. Kögler war einer der führenden Jesuiten Ostasiens. Nicht nur, daß er Direktor des kaiserlichen Astronomischen Amtes wurde, er war auch zweimal Visitator der Jesuiten in Ostasien. Sein Leben bietet sich als roter Faden und als Blaupause an, um die Entwicklung der Chinamission nachzuzeichnen und ihre Prozesse sichtbar zu machen. Die Studie wurde als Dissertation im Fach neuere Geschichte an der Universität Bamberg angenommen und mit dem Wissenschaftspreis der Hans-Löwel-Stiftung für herausragende Leistungen ausgezeichnet. Sie stützt sich weitgehend auf europäische Quellen und nähert sich aus der Perspektive des Historikers dem komplexen Phänomen der katholischen Chinamission vor dem Hintergrund der chinesisch-europäischen Kulturbegegnung.

Added keywords: Chinese New Year calculation; lunisolar calendars; solstices & equinoxes; 24 solar terms, 24 jieqi 節氣 ; Chinese months, leap months; sexagenary cycle, ganzhi jidu 干支制度, Heavenly Stems & Earthly Branches; Jesuit astronomers.

This work explores the relationship between time, temporality, and power by utilizing interactions between Jesuit missionaries and the Ming and Qing governments of late imperial China as a case study. It outlines the complex relationship between knowledge of celestial mechanics, methods of measuring the passage of time, and the tightly controlled circumstances in which that knowledge was allowed to operate. Just as the Chinese courts exercised authority over time and the heavens, so too had the Catholic Church in Europe. So as messengers of God’s authority, the Jesuits identified the importance of astronomical and temporal authority in Chinese culture and sought to convey the supremacy of Christianity through their mastery of the stars and negotiate positions of power within both imperial governments.

Qianxiang tushuo 乾象圖說 (Japanese mss. copy) / [Johann Adam Schall von Bell 湯若望]

See also:《明史·志第七十四　藝文三》：王應遴《乾象圖說》一卷，《中星圖》一卷

The Qianxiang tushuo 乾象圖說 (Illustrated Celestial Phenomena) is an undated manuscript by an anonymous Japanese copyist of a volume containing sections of the Chidao nanbei liang zongxing tu 赤道南北兩總星圖 (General Star Map of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres Divided by the Equator). The General Star Map is a rare star atlas made in Beijing by Fr. Johann Adam Schall von Bell, SJ under the overall direction of Paul Xu Guangqi in 1634. The star map is based on the Jesuit astronomer Christoph Grienberger's (1580-1636) work, Catalogus Veteres Affixarum Longitudines ac Latitudines Conferens cum Nouis (Rome, 1612). It is one of a collection of related works that became the Chongzhen lishu 崇禎曆書(Calendar Compendium of the Chongzhen Reign) presented from 1631-1635, near the end of the Ming dynasty.

The Chongzhen lishu 崇禎曆書 included works created before the Calendar Office existed, including the Yuanjing shuo 遠鏡說 (Explanation of the Telescope, 1626), a copy of which the Ricci Institute also has in Japanese manuscript copy.

The Qianxiang tushuo manuscript is a fanfold text (27 cm x 16.5 cm) in 24 folds displaying 48 pages, with illustrations covering two pages each, hence the use of fanfold binding to avoid bisecting the image at the fold. It is handwritten and drawn in ink, with punctuation and corrections in red. On the top cover in one corner is the character 水. The copyist carefully reproduces four instruments and ten celestial maps taken from panels on the full size Chidao nanbei liang zongxing tu in fine detail. The four instruments are:

1. Ecliptic Theodolite (Armillary) 黃道經緯儀
2. Equatorial Theodolite (Armillary) 赤道經緯儀
3. Azimuth instrument (Armillary) 地平經緯儀
4. Sextant 紀限儀

Following each instrument is an explanation of its function by Schall (no.1 & 3) or Wu Mingzhu 鄔明著 (no. 2 & 4)*

*Chinese term jingweiyi 經緯儀: D’Elia uses the modern name theodolite but the same three characters were used during the Ming-Qing dynasties for what Europeans would call an armillary or armillary sphere, after the Latin armilla, or “bracelet” which well-describes their appearance. 

The ten celestial maps (in order of appearance in the manuscript, not on the actual chart):

1. Map of the oppositions and conjunctions of Venus in [five] revolutions of the planet around the Sun 太白行天一周遲留伏逆諸行經圖
2. Map of [the variations] in latitude of Venus 太白緯圖
3. Map of the oppositions and conjunctions of Jupiter in one revolution of the planet around the Sun 歲星行天一周遲留伏逆諸行經圖
4. Map of [the variations] in latitude of Jupiter 歲星緯圖
5. Map of the oppositions and conjunctions of Mercury in [three] revolutions of the planet around the Sun 歲星行天一周遲留伏逆諸行經圖
6. Map [of the variations] in latitude of Mercury辰星緯圖
7. Map of the oppositions and conjunctions of Mars in [seven] revolutions of the planet around the Sun 榮惑行天一周遲留伏逆諸行經圖
8. Map of [the variations] in latitude of Mars 榮惑緯圖
9. Map of the oppositions and conjunctions of Saturn in one revolution of the planet around the Sun 填星行天一周遲留伏逆諸行經圖
10. Map of [the variations] in latitude of Saturn 填星緯圖

These ten circular diagrams trace the orbit of the five known planets: Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Mars, and Saturn, and their variations in latitude over time. They reflect the use of the Tychonic geo-heliocentric system of the universe based on that of the 16th-century Danish scientist Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), a compromise between Ptolemaic geocentricism and the heliocentrism of Nicolaus Copernicus. In 1674 the Jesuit Astronomer Royal of the Qintianjian (Imperial Astronomical Bureau), Fr. Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J., also relied on Tycho’s designs when he was tasked with recasting and modifying the instruments that still exist today at the ancient observatory in Beijing.

The Qianxiang tushuo manuscript (under this title) is thus far not found elsewhere. The manuscript is meticulously crafted from a rare source, possibly produced in the 17^th century during a period of when Japanese astronomers needed to update their own calendar and astronomical tools, despite the prohibited source from which it was derived. This manuscript could only have been made by someone who had access to the original, or to an extremely detailed copy of it. The General Star Map itself is very large and rare and only a few copies are known to exist.

Sources:

Standaert, N. Handbook of Christianity in China, volume 1, 635-1800. Leiden, Brill, 2001.

D’Elia, Pasquale M. “The double stellar hemisphere of Johann Schall von Bell S.J. : (Peking 1634)” in Monumenta Serica, v. XVIII, 1959., p.328-359  

Hara, Mari Yoko. “The Double Hemisphere Star Atlas (1634): Empiricism, Technical Images, and Cross-Cultural Trust” (2019. Draft, Academia.edu)

Hashimoto Keizō 橋本敬造'Chidao nanbei liang zong xing du' to 'heng xing ping zhang'《赤道南北兩縂星圖》と《恆星屏障》in 新発現中国科学史資料の研究 vol. 2: 論考編, pp. 581-604.

JapSin II, 42 A
Qinding xinli ceyan jilüe 欽定新曆測驗記略.
By Nan Huairen 南懷仁 (Ferdinand Verbiest).
One juan. White bamboo paper in one ce, forty-two folios (ff. 8–10 and 29–31 are missing).

The title page is xylographed in Latin from the handwriting of Verbiest with the date 1668, which engraving was done in Beijing: Astronomia Europaea | sub Imperatore Tartaro Sinico | Cam Hy appellato | Ex umbra in lucem revocata | A P. Ferdinando Verbiest | Flandro Belga Brugensi | E Societate Jesu | Academiae Astronomiae | in Regia Pekinensi | Praefecto | Anno Salutis M.DCLXVIII.”

On the twenty-first day of the eleventh month, the seventh year of the Kangxi reign, we had an unexpected visit from four Grand Secretaries sent by His Majesty, namely, His Excellency Wu Gesai 吳格塞, His Excellency Duo Nuo 多諾, His Excellency Zhuo Ling’an 卓令安, and His Excellency Fan Chengmo 范承謨, all of them now deceased. His Majesty wanted to know whether the calendars then issued were correct. My reply was that they were very erroneous and that I had solid argument for saying so. There and then I pointed out the errors of these calendars. His Excellency Duo referred my reply to the emperor. The following day (22nd) an imperial order summoned me, An Wensi 安文思 [Gabriel de Magalhães], and Li Leisi 利類思 [Lodovico Buglio] to present ourselves at the Donghua Gate. On that same day the officials of the Imperial Observatory, Ma You 馬祐, Yang Guangxian, and Wu Mingxuan, were also there. [There followed a disputation between Yang, Wu, and Verbiest]. It was proved that the calculation of the calendar was incorrect and by imperial order the Qizheng minli 七政民曆 was compiled in the eighth year of the Kangxi reign by Wu Mingxuan, then Vice president of the Imperial Observatory, to be examined carefully for definite errors . . .

Cf. Sommervogel, vol. VIII, col. 576, 580; H. Bosmans, S.J., Ferdinand Verbiest, directeur de l’Observatoire de Péking, 1623–1668 (Extrait de la Revue des Questions scientifiques, janvier–avril 1912); Henri Bosmans, S.J., Les Écrits Chinois de Verbiest (Extrait de la Revue des Question scientifiques, juillet 1913, Louvain, pp. 272–298), p. 291. Courant 4992: “Khin ting sin li tchhe yen ki lio. Abrégé d’observations relatives au nouveau calendrier, imprimé par ordre imperial. Recueil de rapports et pièces diverses (1668 et 1669), émanant du P. Verbiest et d’autres fonctionnaires: texte et figures. 1 livre.--Cordier, Imprimerie Sino-européenne, 354. Grand in 8. Incomplet de plusieurs feuillets. 1 vol., cartonnage. Nouveaux fonds 3336.”For Jap-Sin II, 42 (I–III and A), see also Jap-Sin IV,27.
Source: Albert Chan, S.J., Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, pp. 343-344.

"In 1618, Fr. Johann Adam Schall von Bell, a brilliant young Jesuit scholar from Germany, set out for the mysterious and little-known land of China. Following in the footsteps of his Jesuit missionary predecessor Fr. Matteo Ricci, Schall mastered the Chinese language and diligently adapted his lifestyle to Chinese culture. When Schall's talents in astronomy and mathematics attracted the attention of the Ming Dynasty Emperor, he was appointed head of the Bureau of Astronomy and given the monumental task of renovating the Chinese calendar.

Schall retained his position even after the Ming Dynasty fell and was replaced by the Manchu Qing Empire. He became the close friend and spiritual guide of the young Qing Emperor who raised Schall to the highest official level ever attained by a westerner in Chinese history-Mandarin of the First Class. When the Emperor met with an early death, Schall was influential in choosing his successor - the great Kangxi Emperor - who came to be China's longest reigning and most respected ruler. It was the Kangxi Emperor that issued the edict giving the Catholic Church legal status in China.

This two-part TV docudrama follows Schall throughout his long and dramatic life in China, his accomplishments, his struggles with his fellow missionaries and his own conscience, his persecution and narrow escape from a cruel death, and his official burial presided over by the Emperor himself."--case insert.

See YouTube trailer.

The double stellar hemisphere of Johann Schall von Bell S.J. : (Peking 1634) / by Pasquale M. D'Elia.
Includes Chinese text and English translation of the contents of Schall's map: Chidao nanbei liang zongxing tu 赤道南北兩總星圖.
Reprint from Monumenta Serica, v. XVIII, 1959.
Includes bibliographical references.

" ... Celestial atlases ... Chidao nanbei liang zongxing tu 赤道南北兩總星圖 (General Star Map of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres Divided by the Equator. 1634) drew on the Jesuit astronomer Christoph Grienberger's (1580-1636) star atlas, Catalogus Veteres Affixarum Longitudines ac Latitudines Conferens cum Nouis (Rome, 1612)." Cf. Standaert, Handbook of Christianity in China, v. 1, p. 715.

Local access dig.pdf. [D'Elia-Double Stellar.pdf] (2 versions: A-local scan, B-Monumenta Serica JSTOR)

See http://www.atlascoelestis.com/Schall%201634.htm

"Xue Fengzuo 薛鳳祚, one of the great astronomers of the time, studied with Nikolaus Smogolecki in the Jiangnan region, after having been trained in traditional Chinese astronomy in his youth. Together they wrote Tianbu zhenyuan 天步眞原 (True Source of the Pacing of Heavens, ca. 1646), which introduced the European horoscope." –Cf. N. Standaert, Handbook of Christianity in China, p. 726.

"Tianwen lüe 天問略 (Questions about Heaven) .... Dias’ work was devoted to descriptive cosmology rather than mathematical astronomy. [A Chinese Christian convert who collated this text was Xu Leshan 許樂善 (ca. 1544-1625/26; jinshi 1571, baptised as John in 1610).] Dias' Tianwen lüe 天問略 (Epitome of Questions on the Heavens, 1615) is best known for its appendix, in which Galileo Galilei’s (1564-1642) invention of the telescope and the new observations he made with it were reported; the details of the surface of the Moon, the phases of Venus, the four satellites of Jupiter, the objects of which Saturn’s rings are made, many stars in the Pleiades and the Milky Way. Information travelled fast from Europe to China: Galileo’s Siderius Nuncius had been published in 1610, and his observations confirmed by Jesuit astronomers of the Roman College the following year. The main body of the Tianwen lüe, however, was a description of Ptolomaic astronomy; Dias' preface pointed out that the universe described was the work of God." -- Cf. Standaert, N., Handbook of Christianity in China, pp. 404, 693, 695, 712-713.

Local access dig.pdf [Dias-Tianwen lue.pdf]

本書以耶穌會士和天文學為主題, 系統查閱研讀了國內外所藏清代曆算著作,官方文獻和清人文集, 並與歐洲所藏第一手西文檔案資料互證, 在全球史和跨文化的視野下系統闡述天主教傳教士與歐洲天文學傳入中國的諸面相. 作者試圖將天文學傳播置於政治史,社會史和宗教史的語境中加以討論, 完整勾勒清代近兩百年間歐洲天文學在華傳播的歷程. 通過案例, 生動展現知識和權力交織的複雜背景, 進而揭示了康熙皇帝如何通過西學來達到控制漢人和洋人之目的; 深入分析了皇子,傳教士,欽天監官員和士大夫群體在知識傳播中所扮演的不同角色.

序章:　通天與敬天：歐洲科學在明清之際的傳播 -- 第一章: 耶穌會士與歐洲星占術著作的傳播 -- 第一節:　天啟崇禎間耶穌會士有關天文星占的相關論述 -- 第二節:　湯若望《天文實用》之編纂及其在清初的流傳 -- 第三節:　湯若望《天文實用》在乾隆時代的流傳 -- 第四節:　異端“新”知：穆尼閣對歐洲星占術的介紹 -- 第二章: 康熙初年曆法之爭與耶穌會士的東來 -- 第一節:　西洋曆法的改編與楊光先反教案 -- 第二節:　日影觀測與康熙研習西學之開端 -- 第三節:　來自澳門的“西學帝師” -- 第四節:　法國“國王數學家”來華 -- 第三章:　從觀星台事件到蒙養齋算學館的設立 -- 第一節:　觀星台事件和李光地對曆算的興趣 -- 第二節:　康熙時代的曆算活動與人才培養 -- 第三節:　蒙養齋算學館的建立及其曆算活動 -- 第四章:　科學與權力：日影觀測與康熙時代的曆法改革 -- 第一節:　康熙熱衷日影觀測之經過 -- 第二節:　1692年乾清宮之日影觀測 -- 第三節:　1711年日影觀測與曆法改革的緣起 -- 第五章:　“自立”精神與康熙時代的“西學中源”說 -- 第一節:　康熙西學態度的轉變及其背景 -- 第二節:　康熙與“西學中源”說的流行 -- 第三節:　士人對西學態度的演變 -- 第六章:　歐洲天文學新知的傳入與《欽若曆書》的編纂 -- 第一節:　蒙養齋算學館與格物窮理院 -- 第二節:　傅聖澤與歐洲新科學的介紹 -- 第三節:　《欽若曆書》的編纂與內容 -- 第七章:　科學和宗教之間：耶穌會士、禮儀之爭和日心說的傳播 -- 第一節:　科學和信仰：耶穌會士、奉教天文學家與禮儀之爭 -- 第二節:　耶穌會士和日心說的傳入 -- 第三節:　“用其技藝” ：康熙皇帝科學和宗教的兩手策略 -- 八章:　量天測地：耶穌會士與康乾時代的大地測量 -- 第一節:　康熙朝地圖測繪的背景 -- 第二節:　“西洋籌人”安多與子午線的測量-- 第三節:　地圖測繪的緣起和展開：測繪過程及路線 -- 第四節: 　乾隆時代的地圖測繪 -- 第九章:　復古與求新：雍正、乾隆間耶穌會士與宮廷天文學的傳播 -- 第一節:　宇宙體系的折中：《歷象考成後編》的編纂 -- 第二節: 會通中西：《儀象考成》的編修 -- 第三節:　耶穌會士與朝鮮燕行使的交往 -- 第四節:　後耶穌會士時代的宮廷天文學家 -- 結語

附錄一:　傅汎際、李之藻譯《寰有詮》及其相關問題 –- [一]　傅汎際和李之藻：《寰有詮》的譯者 -- [二]　《寰有詮》的底本及其翻譯 -- [三]　 新的天文觀測如何用於解釋亞里士多德宇宙論？ -- 附錄二:　新教傳教士與天文學的傳播（1807—1859）: [一]　 天王星知識在東南亞和中國沿海城市的傳播（嘉慶、咸豐朝）-- [二]　牛頓《自然哲學的數學原理》的早期傳播 -- [三]　 偉烈亞力：科學的傳播者和中國科學史研究的開拓者 -- 附錄三:　天文著作序跋彙編 -- 附錄四:　欽天監西洋人任職表 -- 附錄五:　外國人名表 -- 參考文獻 -- 索引 -- 後記.

Western learning and Christianity in China : the contribution and impact of Johann Adam Schall von Bell, 1592-1666 / edited by Roman Malek.
"The papers presented here ... are mainly the proceedings of the International Schall Symposium, held in Sankt Augustin in May 1992"-- p. xxi.
Each Western language essay includes Chinese abstract.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

Vol. 1. Johann Adam Schall von Bell and his 1992 Anniversary / Roman Malek -- Johann Adam Schall von Bell : a Jesuit / Peter Hans Kolvenbach -- Schall's educational foundation and the intellectual climate of his time / Arnold Sprenger -- Three issues on Johann Adam Schall von Bell / Lu Yao 路遙 -- J. A. Schall von Bell : Weltbild und Weltchronologie in der Chinamission im 17. Jahrhundert / Claudia von Collani -- J. A. Schall von Bell and Chinese tradtional philosophy / Ma Biao -- J. Adam Schall von Bell and the transition from the Ming to the Ch'ing Dynasty / John W. Witek -- Schall's role in the reform period between the Ming and Qing dynasties / Liu Mengxi 劉夢溪 -- Schall and the first Dutch diplomatic mission to the Qing empire / Hao Zhenhua 郝鎮華 -- Mandschurische Inschriften und Zeugnisse zu Johann Adam Schall von Bell / Giovanni Stary -- The Lost sheep of Adam Schall: reflections on the past and present of Zhalan (Shala) Cemetery / Edward J. Malatesta.
Adam Schall in the Pei-yu lu (Beiyou lu 北游錄) of T'an Ch'ien (Tan Qian 談遷) and in the eyes of his contemporaries / Albert Chan 陳綸緒, S.J. -- Johann Adam Schall 湯若望, Hsü Kuang-ch'i (Xu Guangqi 徐光啟), and Li T'ien-ching (Li Tianjing 李田經) / Min-sun Chen -- Yang Guangxian's opposition to Johann Adam Schall: Christianity and western science in his work Budeyi 不得已 / Eugenio Menegon -- Wang Zheng 王徵: a scientist, philosopher, and Catholic in Ming dynasty China / Ren Dayuan 任大援 -- Theologie und Astronomie in China / Claudia von Collani -- Astronomy and astrology: J. Adam Schall von Bell / Tiziana Lippiello -- East-West cultural confrontation and compromise in early Ch'ing China: a case study on Adam Schall's civil calendars / Huang Yi-Long 黃一農 -- The "Calendar Case" in th early Qing dynasty re-examined / Zhang Dawei 張大衛 -- J. A. Schall von Bell and Ptolomaic astronomy in China: aspects of the Western New Calendar (Xiyang xinfa lishu 西洋新法歷書) / Jiang Xiaoyuan 江曉原 -- Johann Adam Schall and astronomical works on star mappings / Keizo Hashimoto 橋本敬造 -- J .A. Schall von Bell and his horizontal sundial of the New Western Calendar and the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries / Gu Ning 顧寧 -- Les cartes astronomiques des missionnaires Jesuites en Chine: de Johann Adam Schall von Bell à Ignace Kogler et leur influence en Coree at au Japon / Minako Debergh -- Several newly found astronomical instruments related to J. A. Schall von Bell / Yi Shitong 伊世同 -- Quotations from the works of J. A. Schall von Bell in the Yixiang zhi 議象志 of Ferdinand Verbiest / Nicole Halberghe -- Notes on planetary theories in Giacomo Rho's Wuwei lizhi 五緯曆指 / Jean-Claude Martzloff.

Vol. 2. The "Chinese sciences" in policy questions from Confucian civil examinations during the late Ming / Benjamin A. Elman -- Mathematical knowledge in the Chongzhen lishu 崇禎歷書 / Catherine Jami -- J .A. Schall von Bell and the spread of Georgius Agricola's De re metallica in late Ming China / Pan Jixing 潘吉星 -- J. A. Schall von Bell and his book On Telescopes (Yuanjing shuo 遠鏡說) / Zhang Zhishan 張至善 -- J. A. Schall von Bell und die wetlichen "Feuerwaffen" in China / Sun Xi 孫西 -- The Geyuan baxian biao 割圓八線表 and some remarks about the scientific collaboration between Schall, Rho, and Schreck / Isaia Iannaccone -- Diie Haltung der chinesischen Intellektuellen zur Xixue 西學 (Westliche Lehre) am Ende der Ming- und Anfang der Qing-Dynastie, Ein Vergleich von Matteo Ricci und Johann Adam Schall im Hinblick auf ihre Methode der "Evangelisierung durch Wissenschaft" / Yang Xiaohong 樣小紅 -- Modern scientific culture introduced into China by Catholic missionaries during the Ming and Ch'ing dynasties / Zhang Xiao 張曉 -- J. A. Schall von Bell in China: Propagating Catholicism through academic activities / Chen Song 陳崧 -- The religious works composed by J. A. Schall von Bell, especially his Zhuzhi qunzheng 主制群徵 and his efforts to convert the last Ming emperor / Adrian Dudink -- J. A. Schall and Zhuzhi qunzheng 主制群徵 / Zhao Pushan 趙璞珊 -- J. A. Schall and his work Zhuzhi qunzheng 主制群徵 / Xiao Liangqiong 肖良瓊 -- The wide apostolic concern of J. Adam Schall / Angelo S. Lazzarotto -- Der Beitrag von Johann Adam Schall von Bell zur einheimischen christlichen Kunst / Horst Rzepkowski -- J. A. Schall and the Jesuit mission in Vondel's Zungchin / Gregory Blue -- Der literarische Beitrag zur Darstellung der Jesuitenmission in China, insbesondere des Wirkens von J. Adam Schall von Bell / Adrian Hsia 夏瑞春 -- Das Portrat von Johann Adam Schall in Athanasius Kircher's China illustrata / Chang Sheng-ching 張省卿 -- Das Adam-Schall-Gemalde der Ars Sacra Pekinensis von Lu Hung-nien (Lu Hongnian 陸鴻年) / Horst Rzepkowski -- Differences and similarities of Chinese and Western culture as reflected in works written by early Jesuits in Chinese / Hao Guiyuan 郝貴遠 -- J. Adam Schall's writings in China / Yang Yi 楊怡 -- An introduction to some Chinese records and research on J. Adam Schall von Bell's scientific activities / Wang Bing 王冰 -- Research on J. Adam Schall von Bell in 19-20th century China / Gu Weimin 顧衛民 -- The Works of J. A. Schall von Bell in Tokugawa Japan / Yoshida Tadashi 吉田忠 -- Russian evidence of J. A. Schall von Bell / Tajana A. Pang -- The Development of the Confucius Sinarum Philosophus reconsidered in the light of new material / Noël Golvers -- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz' Streben nach Harmonie zwischen China und Europa / Rita Widmaier -- The Introduction of European musical theory during the early Qing dynasty: the achievements of Thomas Pereira 徐日升 and Theodorico Pedrini 德理格 / Gerlinde Gild -- Science and faith in China today / Paul Shan 單國璽.

Xinzhi yixiang tu 新製儀象圖 = Liber organicus astronomiae Europaeae apud Sinas restitutae sub imperatore Sino-Tartarico Cam Hy appellato auctore P. Ferdinando Verbiest Flandro - Belga Brugensi e Societate Jesu Academiae Astronomicae in regia Pekinensi praefecto anno salutis M. DCLXVIII [1668] / Nan Huairen zhi南懷仁製.
"序: 康熙甲寅 [1674]"

Library has two digital editions. One from edition displayed at the Galleons & Globalizations exhibition (USF 2010). In two parts with separate covers, partially disbound. Latin t.p. missing. Digitized with permission.
Local access dig.pdf. [Verbiest-Yixiangtu.pdf]

2nd (BnF) ed. online at Gallica.

For full bibliographic citation see: See Ad Dudink & Nicolas Standaert, Chinese Christian Texts Database (CCT-Database)

JapSin II, 42, I. II. III.
Xinzhi lingtai yixiang zhi 新製靈臺儀象志.
By Nan Huairen 南懷仁 (Ferdinand Verbiest, 1623-1688).
Fourteen juan, sixteen ce; Chinese bamboo paper. Bound in three volumes, European style: I (juan 1–4; ce 1–4), II (juan 5–8; ce 5–9) and III (juan 9–14; ce 10–16). No date or place of publication.

The cover bears a label with the title of the book and a Latin inscription: “Theoria, usus, fabrica instru | mentorum Mathematicorum | variis tabulis stellarum | longitud. latit. cir. inclinationum | eclipticae etc. | a p. Ferdin. Verbiest, S.J. | continet 14. tomos.” Another Latin inscription reads: “Opera | mathematica | Patrum NN. | rarissima | pro curia | imperiali edita.”

Folio 1a of juan 2 bears three large Chinese characters: 儀象志 (A record of the astronomical instruments); they appear also in juan 3–4, 6 and 8–13. The collaborators of the other juan (6–11 and 13–14) were:
Juan 6: Sun Yourong 孫有容, Bao Yingqi 鮑英齊, and Jiao Bingzhen 焦秉貞.
Juan 7: Bao Yinghua 鮑英華, Zhang Wenming 張問明， and Ning Wanbi 甯完璧.
Juan 8: Bao Xuan 鮑選, Yin Kai 殷鎧, and Zhang Dengke 張登科.
Juan 9: Zhu Shigui 朱世貴, Liu Yingchang 劉應昌, and Xue Zongyin 薛宗胤.
Juan 10: Xiao Jinli 蕭盡禮, Li Wenwei 李文蔚, and Feng Fangqing 馮方慶.
Juan 11. Xi Yigong 席以恭, Li Yingqian 李穎謙, and Zhang Wenchen 張文晨.
Juan 13. Zhang Shikui 張士魁, Lin Shengxiao 林昇霄, Li Shi 李式, and Liu Changyin 劉昌胤.
Juan 14. Feng Chengyin 封承廕, Xiao Jinxing 蕭盡性, Wei Qifeng 魏起鳳, Feng Mai 馮邁, and Ge Zhangzhen 戈掌鎮.

There are nine columns in each half folio with eighteen characters in the first column of each paragraph and seventeen in the rest of the paragraph. Annotations are given in double lines and with smaller characters. The title of the book is given in the middle of each folio, and the number of the juan and of the folio are given below the fish tail. The book consists mainly of tables. In his memorial to the throne Verbiest explained why he wrote this book:

When dealing with the [astronomical] instruments one problem is how to make them, and the other is how to use them. Furthermore, there is the problem of how to set them up for permanent use. Unless a full discussion is given with all the details, I am afraid that the knowledge will be confined to myself, and no one will be able to share it. This, to my mind, would be selfish and short sighted. For this reason I have tried to combine old learning with new experiences and, after careful consideration and analysis and by means of a process of inference, I have produced these illustrations, comparing and confirming them by explanations and tables. In all, there are 16 juan, with the title Xinzhi lingtai yixiangzhi [A description of the recently produced astronomical instruments]. It is hoped that the students in the imperial services will learn and understand and thus will find the instruments easy to manage. As to those who are to come after us, they too may do their studies by referring to our books. Your Majesty has been so kind as to allow me to take charge of the Calendar Bureau and in return I feel it my duty to render service to Your Majesty. Furthermore, your servant has one more request. Since this book is laid out clearly in its theoretical and mathematical side and is fully furnished with tables, it is hard to expect that everything will be arranged as neatly as one would wish. For this reason difficulties arise when anyone tries to copy or to draw from the book. Unless it is printed it will be impossible to provide for common use, still less, for the generations to come. I therefore, request your Majesty to give an order to the Ministry [of Works] to have printing blocks made and to deliver these to your servant for the printing of the books, which will be distributed among the students of the Imperial Observatory. The result of this will be that every student in the Academy will be provided with his own copy unfailingly . . .

The memorial [of Verbiest] was presented to the emperor on the twentieth of the first month of the 13th year of the Kangxi reign [1673]. On the third day of the second month [that same year] the imperial reply came which reads: Both the calendar and astronomy are closely related to the rites. From the memorial [of Verbiest] we have learned that the astronomical instruments are completed and that they have been made with great accuracy. Nan Huairen [Verbiest] had spared no energy in this labor; indeed he deserves high praise. He should be given special honors. Let me know about all the items that are discussed in the memorial [of Verbiest]. Let this be reported to the Ministry [of Personnel]. Enclosed are the [manuscript of] the book [of Verbiest] and the tables.

該臣（對哈納）議得南懷仁奏稱臣指授嘔心，業將諸儀安列於觀象臺上。以故覃精研慮，繪圖表次，為一十六卷。名曰新製靈臺儀象志，是書樊然不齊也，使非板行勢難盡人而給，且無以遺久。祈仰[束+力]部鏤板一副，交臣印刷，以資給發官生，則守是掌者，皆手習一編，而無缺餘（如？）之憾矣……康熙十三年二月二十日題，本月二十四日奉旨依議，欽此，遵。

Cf. Couplet, p. 42; Pfister, p. 353–354; Hsü 1949, pp. 465–469; JWC 2:163–179. See also NBC, p. 240; Van Hée 1913, pp. 3–4; ECCP 1:569 (Mei Gucheng); Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. III, pp. 451–452; Zhongguo tianwenxueshi 中國天文學史 (Beijing, 1981), pp. 230-231.
Source: Albert Chan, S.J., Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, pp. 340-343.

“....Yuanjing shuo 遠鏡說 (Explanation of the Telescope, 1626), by Schall, which contained the first account of the Tychonic world system in Chinese..” Cf. Standaert, Handbook of Christianity in China, v.1, p. 714.

Full bibliographic citation see: Ad Dudink & Nicolas Standaert, Chinese Christian Texts Database (CCT-Database).

JapSin II, 39.2
Yuanjing shuo 遠鏡說.
By Tang Ruowang 湯若望 (Johann Adam Schall von Bell).
The text was put into Chinese with the help of Li Zubai 李祖白. One juan, one ce. Bamboo paper. No date or place of publication.

The cover bears a label with the title and a Latin inscription: “Explicatio tubi optici, | seu telescopii | a p. Adam Schall | S.J.”

This is a book on the telescope. Zheng Zhongkui 鄭仲夔 (fl. 1630) in his book Ershi 耳食 (Congshu jicheng chubian 叢書集成初編, no. 2946), juan 8 (p. 53), tells of the telescope brought to China by Matteo Ricci which, after the death of Ricci, was taken to Nanzhou 南州 by one of his followers and many people had the chance to see it. The telescope Ricci brought to China must have been of an older type, since the new telescope improved by Galileo did not appear until 1610. Manuel Dias in his Tianwen lüe 天文略 (1615) refers to the new telescope saying that it can reach a distance of sixty miles and mentions that Galileo, a European scholar, was a fully qualified astronomer. Finally he says: “We shall explain in detail the wonder of this instrument, when we have it brought to China.” This condition was realized on the arrival of Adam Schall in 1622. In 1627, a year after Schall had written his book on the telescope, Philip Wang Zheng 王徵 wrote the Yuanxi qiqi tushuo lu zui 遠西奇器圖說錄最 (cf. Jap-Sin II, 53). In the bibliography Wang Zheng mentions the Yuanjing shuo. He did his best to explain the structure of the telescope, its employment in astronomy, in sea voyages, and in warfare. According to Pfister (p. 180, no. 12) the Yuanjing shuo was published in Beijing in 1630, and Fang Hao (1954, vol. 4, pp. 21–22) says that Schall made his translation from Girolamo Sirturi’s Telescopio (Frankfurt, 1616).
Source: Albert Chan, S.J., Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, p. 326.

“....Yuanjing shuo 遠鏡說 (Explanation of the Telescope, 1626), by Schall, which contained the first account of the Tychonic world system in Chinese.” Cf. Standaert, Handbook of Christianity in China, v.1, p. 714.

See Fr. A. Chan S.J. bibliographic entry for Japonica-Sinica II, 39.2 edition.
See full bibliographic entry Ad Dudink & Nicolas Standaert, Chinese Christian Texts Database (CCT-Database).

Local access dig.pdf. [Schall-Yuanjingshuo mss.pdf] & folder with master (.tif) images.