During the reign of Kangxi (r. 1662-1722), the second Manchu emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Western music began to take root in the Manchu court. There is abundant evidence that the missionaries performed Western music before Kangxi and the emperor looked upon the Jesuits Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) and Tomas Pereira (1645-1708) as his music tutors. In 1713, Kangxi commissioned a treatise on music, Yuzhi Lülü Zhengyi (A True Doctrine of Music, by Imperial Authority), which was completed in 1714. Begun by Pereira but completed by the Italian Lazarist Paolo Felipe Teodorico Pedrini (c. 1670-1746), the third part of this musical treatise Xieyun duqu, is devoted exclusively to Western music theory. This treatise is the earliest official Chinese source concerning Western music theory.

Evidence that Western theoretical writings were included in Lülü Zhengyi raises an important question: why did Kangxi demand that Western music theory be incorporated within his imperial treatise? There are only a limited number of studies on Western music in the early Qing court, and this research fills in a serious lacuna. This study will argue that it is not simply due to Kangxi's open mind and fondness for European knowledge that leads to the incorporation of Western music theory in Lülü Zhengyi. Kangxi's goal was to use Western music as a tool to restore the lost Chinese ancient music.

The reign of Kangxi witnessed the elevation of Western music in the Qing court. After the reign of Kangxi, Western music continued to be performed at the court, however, its prestige diminished, and it served solely as entertainment for the emperors. Indeed, in Yongzheng's preface to Lülü yuanyuan (1723), Western music theory was regarded as that of the Western barbarian. Later, when Qianlong ordered the compilation of the sequel to Lülü Zhengyi in 1741, no Western music was included.

Local access dig.pdf. [Chiu-Music.pdf]

Evelyn S. Rawski.
"A Philip E. Lilienthal book."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 393-442) and index.

Material culture of the Qing court--Social organization of the Qing court : conquest elite and Imperial lineage, sibling politics, Imperial women, Palace servants--Qing court rituals : rulership and ritual action in the Chinese realm, Shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism at Court, private rituals.
Appendix: Names of Qing Emperors and Imperial Ancestors ; Imperial Princely Ranks Added keywords: Zongshi 宗室, consorts, eunuchs, consort tombs, fertility of Qing empresses and consorts, generational elements in personal names, survival rates of Qing emperor's sons versus daughters, age at death of daughters, 1651-1900, age at marriage, performers of grand sacrifices during Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong ; Manchus, ethnicity.

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Keywords: Cardinal de Tournon imprisonment ; Macao ; painting ; craftsmen ; Description of Beijing ; navigation ; Nanjiang huo ; Chinese medical practices ; Chinese customs and traditions ; Engravers and engraving ; the Great Wall, Jehol, the Emperor Kangxi ; food and delicacies, fireworks, womens feet, landscape gardening, wrestling and archery, beards ; Chinese College ; Russian embassy, Count Ismailof, missionaries ; death of the Emperor Kangxi ; Chinese students.

Ming-Qing gongting shenghuo : liubai nian zijincheng xiezhen 明清宮廷生活：六百年紫禁城寫真 / Liu Yi 劉毅.

Zhengshuo Qingchao shier houfei : tuwenben 正說清朝十二后妃：圖文本 [Zheng shuo Qingchao shier houfei: jiemi lishi zhenxiang, zouchu xishuo wuqu 正说清朝十二后妃 : 解密历史真相, 走出 / Xu Guangyuan 徐廣源.