Abstract:In the mid-seventeenth century, China entered its last dynastic heyday of economic prosperity and territorial expansion. This special period in Chinese history is called the High Qing, when China was ruled by three generation of Manchu Emperors. This was also a period of fast-growing Catholic expansion in the Far East. At that time, influenced greatly by Western missionaries, China saw a metamorphosis in its traditional thinking about the investigation of the natural world. In many fields, Western scientific endeavour made rapid progress in the High Qing. Western music, as a traditional European discipline, was for a time widely introduced into China in various theoretical and practical forms. On the one hand, skilled missionary musicians such as the Jesuit Tomás Pereira and the Lazarist Teodorico Pedrini joined with High Qing officials in fruitful collaboration to produce the first treatises on Western music theory in Chinese. On the other hand, performances by European musicians brought Western music to the court in such forms as instrumental sonatas, while a wider public particularly relished the sound of the organ. The spread of Western music in the High Qing widened Chinese intellectual thought and enriched imperial multiculturalism. However, the growing interest in Western music coincided and intertwined with a disastrous succession of imperial bans on the preaching of Christianity in the High Qing. This gave rise to a complex web of interactions between missionary musicians and Manchu Emperors, mixing intriguing anecdotes of exotic musics and complex personal relationships. This thesis attempts to explain how and why the twin phenomena happened during the two centuries. Moreover, it will examine this current of exuberant foreign music against the religious impact on Chinese society, grounding this on a balancing of diverse Chinese and European sources, and emphasizing that this was to some considerable extent a mutual exchange.--Source: Jesuitica.be website.

Local access dig.pdf. [Jia-Western Music High Qing.pdf]

"The Conference "History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia IV " took place at the Friendship Hotel, Beijing, from 6 to 8 November 2008"--Acknowledgements.

I. Portugal and the Jesuit missions in Asia. Portugal and the Jesuit mission to China: trends in historiography / Rui Magone. Evangelization, politics, and technology transfer in 17th-century Cochinchina: the case of Joao da Cruz / Alexei Volkov -- II. The Jesuits and the knowledge of China in Europe. The Jesuits and their study of Chinese astronomy and chronology in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries / Han Qi. The Jesuit Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot and Chinese music in the eighteenth century / Nii Yoko -- III. Tomas Pereira (1646-1708). Some data on Tomas Pereira's (Xu Risheng) biography and manuscripts / Isabel Pina. Pereira's trip to Tartary in 1685 / Davor Antonucci. Thomas Pereira and the knowledge of Western music in the 17th and 18th centuries in China / Wang Bing and Manuel Serrano Pinto. Pereira's musical heritage as context for his contributions in China / Joyce Lindorff -- IV. New sources on Western science at the Chinese Emperor's Court. Verbiest's manuscripts on astronomy and mechanics (1676): from Beijing to Moscow and Constantinople / Noel Golvers and Efthymios Nicolaidis. Manchu manuscripts on mathematics in the Toyo Bunko, the State Library of Inner Mongolia and the Bibliotheque Nationale de France / Junsei Watanabe. The new thermometer and a slice of experimental philosophy in the early Qing court / Shi Yunli -- V. Missionaries in Beijing during the reigns of Kangxi and Yongzheng. Karel Slavicek and his scientific works in China / Liu Dun. Guillaume Bonjour (1670-1714): chronologist, linguist, and "casual" scientist / Ugo Baldini. "Western astronomy vs. Korean geography": intellectual exchanges between a Korean and the Jesuits as seen from Yi Kiji's 1720 Beijing Travelogue / Lim Jongtae.

Missionaries, and in particular the Portuguese Assistancy of the Society of Jesus, played a fundamental role in the dissemination of Western scientific knowledge in East Asia. They also brought to Europe a deeper knowledge of Asian countries. This volume brings together a series of essays analyzing important new data on this significant scientific and cultural exchange, including several in-depth discussions of new sources relevant to Jesuit scientific activities at the Chinese Emperor's Court. It includes major contributions examining various case studies that range from the work of some individual missionaries (Karel Slavicek, Guillaume Bonjour) in Beijing during the reigns of Kangxi and Yongzheng to the cultural exchange between a Korean envoy and the Beijing Jesuits during the early 18th century. Focusing in particular on the relationship between science and the arts, this volume also features articles pertaining to the historical contributions made by Tomas Pereira and Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot, to the exchange of musical knowledge between China and Europe.

Local access dig.pdf. [Saraiva-Europe and China Science.pdf]

During the reign of Kangxi (r. 1662-1722), the second Manchu emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Western music began to take root in the Manchu court. There is abundant evidence that the missionaries performed Western music before Kangxi and the emperor looked upon the Jesuits Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) and Tomas Pereira (1645-1708) as his music tutors. In 1713, Kangxi commissioned a treatise on music, Yuzhi Lülü Zhengyi (A True Doctrine of Music, by Imperial Authority), which was completed in 1714. Begun by Pereira but completed by the Italian Lazarist Paolo Felipe Teodorico Pedrini (c. 1670-1746), the third part of this musical treatise Xieyun duqu, is devoted exclusively to Western music theory. This treatise is the earliest official Chinese source concerning Western music theory.

Evidence that Western theoretical writings were included in Lülü Zhengyi raises an important question: why did Kangxi demand that Western music theory be incorporated within his imperial treatise? There are only a limited number of studies on Western music in the early Qing court, and this research fills in a serious lacuna. This study will argue that it is not simply due to Kangxi's open mind and fondness for European knowledge that leads to the incorporation of Western music theory in Lülü Zhengyi. Kangxi's goal was to use Western music as a tool to restore the lost Chinese ancient music.

The reign of Kangxi witnessed the elevation of Western music in the Qing court. After the reign of Kangxi, Western music continued to be performed at the court, however, its prestige diminished, and it served solely as entertainment for the emperors. Indeed, in Yongzheng's preface to Lülü yuanyuan (1723), Western music theory was regarded as that of the Western barbarian. Later, when Qianlong ordered the compilation of the sequel to Lülü Zhengyi in 1741, no Western music was included.

Local access dig.pdf. [Chiu-Music.pdf]

"... On the level of Western theory of music, the most important introduction was Lülü zuanyao 律呂纂要 (Compilation of Musical theory) written by Tomé Pereira on behalf of the Kangxi emperor, and completed after Pereira’s death by Pedrini.* The work was revised and partly integrated as the last part of the Lülü zhengyi xubian 律呂正義續編, the supplement to the imperial encyclopedia on music Lülü zhengyi 律呂正義 (part of Lülü yuanyuan 律呂淵源, 1723).** It features a presentation of the tonal system, rhythmic and staff notation and is a good example of the difficulties involved in translating musical terminology from a European into a Chinese tradition."

*mss discovered by Wu Xiangxiang 吳相湘, who first published his discovery in Guangzhou daguang bao 廣州大光報 (7 November 1936)…”
**"Also included in Siku quanshu 四庫全書...."

Local access dig.pdf. [Pereira-Lulu zuanyao.pdf]

“The scope of this study is to illustrate the music and musical instruments sent as a gift in 1719 by Pope Clement XI to the Emperor of China: they included harpsichords, organs, automata, flutes, bowed and plucked string instruments, as well as their stringing. Various music scores were also brought to Beijing, but the only ones named together with their composer are the sonatas and concerti grossi by Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713), whose published collections are all present, from Op. I to Op. VI. This will be viewed against the background of conspicuous musical activities at Court carried out by the missionaries sent from Rome during the last years of the reign of Kangxi (1710-1722). An excursus on the positive organs sent to other oriental missions in the same period is also provided.”

Local access dig.pdf. [Barbieri-Musical instruments.pdf]

清代律學若干問題探討 / 翁攀峰
【摘要】：清代律學是我國古代聲學的重要組成部分,是科學史的重要研究對象。本文討論了清代律學中的“康熙十四律”的合理性及其源流,清代學者對朱載堉新法密律的認識與評價,以及清代的連比例生律法三個問題,主要包括以下幾部分內容： 第一,分析了“康熙十四通”的律制結構和生律方法,在此基礎上,採用現代聲學理論證明了“康熙十四律”同徑管的黃鐘正律與太簇半律相合的觀點是錯誤的,其同形管也不能與同徑管實現聲音上的相應。第二,通過對比分析“康熙十四律”與傳教士所著《律呂節要》一書中的相關內容,發現“十四律”的思想源於《律呂節要》,該律制是結合了中西樂律理論的創新產物。第三,通過對《律呂正義》記載的幾種樂器型製的分析,發現這些樂器是嚴格按照“康熙十四律”的律制結構、相合觀以及同形管的要求製作的。第四,通過對乾隆朝批判朱載堉新法密率文獻的分析,發現乾隆朝御用學者對新法密率的評價,並非純粹的學術觀點爭鳴,而是皇權主導下的律學思想批判。乾隆的聖諭以及“康熙十四律”的權威直接影響了學者們的學術取向。第五,根據江永的三部律學著作,系統梳理了他從最初排斥新法密率與三分損益並創立“今律”,到放棄“今律”轉而接受新法密率的過程,分析了他能接受新法密率的原因：一是從江永極為重視的返宮標准上看,新法密率比“今律”更加完善；二是在接觸新法密率之前,他就十分推崇河洛之學與方圓相函理論在律呂研究中的基礎性作用。第六,通過對比安清翹的連比例律與朱載靖新法密率,發現安清翹的連比例算律思想源於朱載堉新法密率,但二人的計算思路不同。安清翹較朱載堉的進步之處在於提出了律長虛率的概念,認為黃鐘長度不限於朱載堉提出的長十寸、五寸或二十寸,對於任何長度的黃鐘,只要各律長滿足十二率連比例關係就能相合。這反映了安清翹對十二平均律之“平均”的認識較朱載堉更進一步。第七,通過對戴煦所著《音分古義》一書的分析,發現他的連比例算律思想源於傳統的三分損益法。他根據“康熙十四律”,對黃鐘與半太簇之間的各律呂長度進行了等比處理,但這並沒有達到實用意義上的各音之差相同。此外,戴煦以十五則邇言作為連比例算律的理論根據,當計算中出現與邇言不符的情況時,他會根據邇言對律呂長度進行調整。這種論證方式很有可能源自西方的公理化方法。第八,根據載武所著的四部律學著作,對他在否定中西音樂理論的基礎上,如何利用西方數學的計算方法算得七平均律進行了分析和討論。此外,本文采用現代聲學理論對載武的管弦音進行理論頻率計算,發現他在弦音上實現了七平均律,而對於管音,由於受到“康熙十四律”的影響,以及對律管發音認識的不足,並沒有實現平均。

Full Table of Contents see CNKI.

"... On the level of Western theory of music, the most important introduction was Lülü zuanyao 律呂纂要 (Compilation of Musical theory) written by Tomé Pereira on behalf of the Kangxi emperor, and completed after Pereira’s death by Pedrini.* The work was revised and partly integrated as the last part of the Lülü zhengyi xubian 律呂正義續編, the supplement to the imperial encyclopedia on music Lülü zhengyi 律呂正義 (part of Lülü yuanyuan 律呂淵源, 1723).** It features a presentation of the tonal system, rhythmic and staff notation and is a good example of the difficulties involved in translating musical terminology from a European into a Chinese tradition."

*mss discovered by Wu Xiangxiang 吳相湘, who first published his discovery in Guangzhou daguang bao 廣州大光報 (7 November 1936)…”
**"Also included in Siku quanshu 四庫全書...."

Collection: Siku quanshu huiyao 四庫全書薈要.
Editions online Internet Archive.
Edition with text, image, and dictionary tools at ctext.org
Local access dig.pdf. [Pereira-Lulu zhengyi xubian.pdf]