Mading  Lude Yingguo de lunbian zhe : Tuomasi Moer 馬丁 · 路德英國的論辯者——托馬斯 · 莫爾 = Martin Luther's British Debater：Thomas More / by Liu Weijie 劉維杰

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 163-176.

Local access dig.pdf [Liu_Weijie_Mading_Lude.pdf]

Abstract:

在 16 世紀歐洲的宗教改革中，托馬斯・莫爾與馬丁・路德在權威、教會、意誌等神學觀唸上有諸多分歧。莫爾認爲基督教啟示信仰有書麵《聖經》和非書麵教會兩個來源，教會傳統和實踐與聖經同等重要，聖靈賦予教會解釋聖經的權力，路德強調聖經的唯一權威性。莫爾認爲教會是可見的普世團體，路德視其爲內在靈性團體。莫爾認爲上帝恩典與人類自由意誌共存共行，路德強調上帝恩典的決定性作用。莫爾在基督教人文主義思想上融合信仰與理性，主張在天主教會內部進行革新而反對路德推翻天主教會權威，他在文學創作中有《烏托邦》等經典，在政治思想上提倡公有製體製。莫爾在不同群體中有不同形象的解讀，他的思想與實踐有重要意義但也有曆史局限性。

In the religious reform in Europe in the 16th century, there were many differences betweenThomasMore and Martin Luther in theological concepts such as authority, church, and will. More believed that Christianrevelatory faith has two sources: the written Bible and the unwritten church. Church traditions and practicesareequally important as the Bible. The Holy Spirit endows the church with the power to interpret the Bible. Lutheremphasized the unique authority of the Bible. More regarded the church as a visible universal community, whileLuther saw it as an inner spiritual community. More believed that God's grace and human free will coexist andact together. Luther emphasized the decisive role of God's grace. In Christian humanist thought, More integratedfaith and reason, advocated reform within the Catholic Church and opposed Luther's overthrowof the authorityof the Catholic Church. He had classics such as "Utopia" in literary creation. In political thought, he advocatedapublic ownership system. More has different interpretations of his image among different groups. His thoughtsand practices are of great significance but also have historical limitations.

Mengyou yü duishou : Lude yü Kaershitate cong gongrong dao juelie de gaige zhilu 盟友與對手：路德與卡爾施塔特從共融到決裂的改革之路 =  Allies and Adversaries: The Path of Reform from Communion to Rift between Luther and Karlstadt / by Nie Rujie 聶汝杰

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 135-147.

Local access dig.pdf [Nie_Rujie_Mengyou_duishou.pdf]

Abstract:

傳統視角下德意誌地區的宗教改革，遵循的是以路德爲中心的單一敘事模式，但其實宗教改革是一件充滿了內部張力與多元路徑的複雜曆史事件。本文以維登貝格神學家安德烈亞斯·卡爾施塔特爲研究對象，旨在突破以路德宗爲中心的標籤化敘事的窠臼，還原其作爲路德“盟友與對手”的雙重角色。本文通過考察二人從早期在奧古斯丁神學遺産下結爲改革同盟，到因《雅各書》地位、舊約律法規範性及改革策略等細微分歧而産生裂隙，再到在 1521-1522 年“維登貝格運動”中因權力博弈和教會本質理唸衝突而徹底決裂的全過程，髮現兩者的關繫演變揭示了宗教改革初期神學論爭與政治實踐交織的複雜性，其決裂的主因並非純粹的教義分歧，而是在改革速度、權威結構與教會形態等方麵的策略性抉擇。此外，卡爾施塔特的激進改革雖然遭到了當局的否定，但其思想通過再洗禮派的脈絡仍對新教的多元麵貌産生了巨大的影響。

The traditional narrative of the Reformation in the German lands often follows a Luther-centricmonolithic framework. In reality, however, the Reformation was a complex historical event marked byinternal tensions and multiple trajectories. This paper focuses on the Wittenberg theologian Andreas Karlstadt, aimingtomove beyond the reductive labeling prevalent in Lutheran-dominated historiography and restore his dual roleasboth ally and adversary of Martin Luther. By examining their early alliance rooted in Augustinian theology, theemerging fissures over issues such as the canonical status of the Epistle of James, the normative role of OldTestament law, and reform strategies, and finally their complete breakdown during the Wittenberg Movement (1521–1522) due to conflicts over authority and ecclesiology, this study reveals the intricate interplaybetweentheological debate and political practice in the early Reformation. It argues that the primary cause of their rift was not doctrinal differences per se, but rather strategic choices concerning the pace of reform, structuresofauthority, and the form of the church. Although Karlstadt’s radical initiatives were suppressed by the authorities, his ideas continued to exert a significant influence on the pluralistic landscape of Protestantismthroughthelineage of the Anabaptists.