001. Handwritten property deed cover, no. 146 號; undated; unsigned; property at Nanhai Longtou li 南海龍頭裏, [note by a 1989 reader] that it was replaced by property deeds in 2nd, 8th & 11th year of Republic China 民國二年 [1913], 民國八年 [1919] & 民國十一年 [1922]; 63 x 63.5 cm.
002. [Content of #001] Printed property deed dated 3rd month of 2nd year of Republic of China 民國二年 [1913]; signed Deng Shaoli鄧紹禮; from Finance secretary (bureau) of Guangdong Province 廣東省財政司; addressed to Deng Shaoli 鄧紹禮 acknowledging purchase of Liu Peitian’s 劉佩田 property on 19th day of 1st month of 2nd year of Guangxu 光緒二年 [1876] & replacing old deeds with new ones; 31.5 x 60.5 cm.
003. [Content of #001] Handwritten property deed dated 19th day of 1st month of 2nd year of Guangxu 光緒二年 [1876]; signed Liu Peitian 劉佩田; on Deng Shaoli 鄧紹禮 purchase of Liu Peitian’s 劉佩田 land; ca. 55 x ca. 54.5 cm.
004. [Content of #001] Handwritten property deed dated 27th day of 4th month of 8th year of Republic of China 民國八年 [1919]; signed Deng Shaojian 鄧紹堅; about selling land in Nanhai County 南海縣 to Catholic Church with Deng Shaoxi 鄧紹錫 as witness; 27 x 53.5 cm.
005. [Content of #001] Handwritten envelope in French & Chinese about donation in Loung t’ao li [i.e. 龍頭裏] in District of Shiè loung, Nanhai Shelong Longtou li 南海蛇龍龍頭裏; 14.5 x 22.5 cm.
006. [Content of #001] [Content of #005] Handwritten receipt dated 2nd day of 6th month of 8th year of Republic of China 民國八年 [1919]; signed Deng Shaojian 鄧紹堅; addressed to Fr. Wang汪神父; on having received Church’s payment for land located at Longtouli 龍頭裏; 26 x 10.5 cm.
007. [Content of #001] [Content of #005] Handwritten receipt dated 27th day of 4th month of 8th year of Republic of China 民國八年 [1919]; signed Deng Shaojian 鄧紹堅; addressed to Fr. Wang 汪神父 on having received Church’s payment for land located at Longtouli 龍頭裏; 25 x 12 cm.
008. [Content of #001] [Content of #005] Handwritten note; undated [but after 1884]; unsigned; about deeds lost during unrest in 10th year of Guangxu 光緒十年 [1884] being found & kept as purchase evidence; 21.5 x 7.5 cm.
009. [Content of #001] [Content of #005] Handwritten property deed dated 11th year of Republic of China 民國十一年 [1922]; signed Deng Xuebin 鄧學斌 & Deng Xuechao 鄧學朝; on Deng Xuebin 鄧學斌 & Deng Xuechao 鄧學朝 selling land in Shelong County 蛇龍鄉 to Longtouli Catholic Church 龍頭裏天主堂; 21 x 27.5 cm.
010. [Content of #001] [Content of #005] Handwritten envelop in French; undated; unsigned; contract to purchase land in Shiè loung [Shelong 蛇龍]; 9.5 x 14 cm.
011. [Content of #001] Handwritten property deed dated 6th day of 12th month of 9th year of Guangxu 光緒九年 [1883]; signed Liu Yanji 劉衍基 on selling land in Shelong 蛇龍 to Deng Shaoli 鄧紹禮; 44.5 x 42.5 cm.
012. Handwritten property deed cover in Chinese & French, no. 146 號; undated [but probably 1902]; unsigned; on deeds of houses in Zaowei County 藻尾鄉 of Nanhai 南海 lost during unrest in 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900], but recovered in 28th year of Guangxu 光緒二十八年 [1902]; 63 x 63 cm.
013. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 24th year of Jiaqing 嘉慶二十四年 [1819]; about Luo 羅 selling house in Zaomei County 藻美鄉 [Jin Quan 錦全？] ; ca. 47 x ca. 23 cm.
014. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed, heavily damaged; content unclear.
015. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed; undated; unsigned; on Li Yanhui 黎燕輝 selling land to Huai懷？; ca. 22 x ca. 22 cm.
016. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 8th month of 25th year of Daoguang 道光二十五年 [1844]; signed Li Zhizhuo 黎智卓; on Li Zhizhuo 黎智卓 selling land to Wu Liangshu 吳良叔; ca. 45 x ca. 19.5 cm.
017. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 28th day of 8th month of 24th year of Daoguang 道光二十四年 [1843]; on Tan Zongyao 譚宗耀 selling house to Wu Yuhuai 吳玉懷 with Wu Zhuhua 吳珠華 as middleman; ca. 45.5 x ca. 33.5 cm.

018. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 10th day of 7th month of 24th year of Daoguang 道光二十四年 [1843]; unsigned; on Wu Yupei 吳玉培 & Wu Yutian 吳玉添 selling house to Wu Yuhuai 吳玉懷 due to lack of money for funeral; ca. 48 x ca. 43 cm.
019. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 20th day of 11th month of 3rd year of Daoguang 道光三年 [1822]; unsigned; on Zhou Shunyuan 周順元 selling land to Li Jinquan 黎錦泉 with Ma Runzong 馬潤宗 as middleman; ca. 50 x ca. 46.5 cm.
020. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 15th day of 10th month of 1st year of Xianfeng 咸豐元年 [1850]; unsigned; Yuchao ？玉超 selling house to Wu Yuhuai吳玉懷; ca. 47 x ca. 41.5 cm.
021. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 3rd day of 7th month of 26th year of Daoguang 道光二十六年 [1845]; signed Fu Liang 富亮; on Fu Liang 富亮 selling house to Wu Yuhuai 吳玉懷; ca. 46.5 x ca. 44 cm.
022. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 6th day of 8th month of 8th year of Daoguang 道光八年 [1827]; signed Li Hailiang 黎海亮; on Li Youkai 黎有開 selling land to Li Qianliang 黎乾亮; ca. 48 x ca. 44 cm.
023. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated 20th day of 12th month of 15th year of Jiaqing 嘉慶十五年 [1810]; signed Zhou Dianyuan 周殿元 & Zhou Shunyuan 周順元; on selling land to Li Youkai 黎有開 with Ma Runzong 馬潤宗 as middleman; ca. 50.5 x ca 46.5 cm.
024. [Content of #012] Handwritten note on property deed in Chinese & French, red- & blue-stamped; undated; unsigned; on not needing to report eleven (11) property deeds to the government in order to avoid further complications; ca. 28.5 x ca. 44 cm.
025. [Content of #012] Handwritten property deed dated Xianfeng 咸豐 [1850-1861]; signed Wu Liang 吳良 & Wu Yuhuai 吳玉懷; on selling land & houses purchased from others to Catholic Church; 57.5 x 28.5 cm.
026. [Content of #012] Handwritten envelope in French [empty]; undated; unsigned; contracts of Fr. Robert; 17 x 22 cm.
027. [Content of #012] Handwritten envelope in French [empty]; unsigned; contracts of Fr. Robert; 10 x 14.5 cm.
028. [Content of #012] Printed form, undated; unsigned; from Nanhai County government in Guangdong 廣東南海縣; addressed to people purchasing property during Guangxu 光緒 reign to acknowledge ownership; 28.5 x 58.5 cm.
029. [Content of #012] Handwritten note on property deed; undated; unsigned; exchange rate for 152 taels; 23.5 x 6.5 cm.
030. [Content of #012] Deed dated 28th year of Guangxu光緒二十八年 [1902]; unsigned; official property purchase acknowledgement from government to Catholic Church, Wu Liangyu 吳良 & Wu Yuhuai 吳玉懷 selling house & land to Catholic Church using Wu Yutian 吳玉添 as middleman; 58.5 x 54.5 cm.
031. Handwritten property deed cover, no. 9 號; undated; unsigned; on shop & land located in Nanzhuang County 南莊鄉 of Nanhai 南海; 63.5 x 62 cm.
032. [Content of #031] Hand-drawn map; undated; unsigned; church building details; 33.5 x 29.5 cm.

033. [Content of #031] Handwritten envelope in French [empty]; undated; unsigned; Nam-hoi [Nanhai] family Lo in Nam-tsang Village, Fr. Robert; 14.5 x 20 cm.
034. [Content of #031] Handwritten letter in French dated 01 January 1900; signed Camille Robert; addressed to bishop; on 400 piasters for chapel, religious affairs, three villages in ruins due to fire; 20.5 x 13.5, 20.5 x 27 cm.
035. [Content of #031] Handwritten property deed dated 12th month of 25th year of Guangxu 光緒二十五年 [1899]; signed Luo Chaochang 羅超常, Luo Zongyi 羅綜義, Luo Kaizheng 羅開正, Luo Yongtai 羅勇泰, Luo Shenggang 羅盛綱, Luo Zhixiu 羅秩秀, Luo Qilin 羅啟林 & Luo Zhihui 羅秩輝; about Luo Chaochang 羅超常, Luo Zongyi 羅綜義, Luo Kaizheng 羅開正, Luo Yongtai 羅勇泰, Luo Shenggang 羅盛綱, Luo Zhixiu 羅秩秀, Luo Qilin 羅啟林 & Luo Zhihui 羅秩輝 of Nanzhuang County 南莊鄉 selling shop & land to Catholic Church; 46.5 x 23.5 cm.
036. [Content of #031] Handwritten announcement; undated; from Guangdong government announcing that many people of Luo lineage 羅姓 of Nanzhuang County 南莊鄉 of Nanhai 南海, being robbers & criminals should be arrested, asking people to be alert & helping capture them; 25 x 27 cm.
037. [Content of #031] Handwritten agreement & list in stitch-bound ledger dated 3rd day of 7th month of 24th year of Guangxu 光緒二十四年 [1898]; unsigned; agreement between Catholic Church/Guangzhou Consulate & Luo clan 羅姓 of Nanzhuang County 南莊鄉 of Nanhai 南海, long name list of Luo family: e.g., Luo Chaochang 羅超常, Luo Zongyi 羅綜義, Luo Kaizheng 羅開正, Luo Yongtai 羅勇泰, Luo Shenggang 羅盛綱, Luo Zhixiu 羅秩秀, Luo Qilin 羅啟林 & Luo Zhihui 羅秩輝; 26 x 13.5 cm.
038. Handwritten property deed envelope, no. 189 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing houses located at Enzhou Bao 恩州堡 in Nanhai County 南海縣 from Ruan Yamu 阮亞木 on 8th day of 11th month of 24th year of Guangxu 光緒二十四年 [1898]; 28.5 x 15 cm.
039. [Content of #038] Handwritten property deed in Chinese & French dated 8th day of 11th month of 24th year of Guangxu 光緒二十四年 [1898]; on Ruan Yamu 阮亞木 selling houses located at Enzhou Bao 恩州堡 in Nanhai County 南海縣 (north of Guangzhou) to Catholic Church with Li Shebao 李社保 as middleman; ca. 57 x 27 cm.
040. Handwritten property deed cover, no. 70 號; undated [but probably 1897]; unsigned; Wu Yuhuai 吳玉懷 selling land located in Zaomei County 藻美鄉 of Nanhai 南海 to Catholic Church on 21th day of 7th month of 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; 63 x 61.5 cm.
041. [Content of #040] Hand-drawn map; undated; unsigned; map of church buildings; 32 x 21.5 cm.
042. [Content of #040] Handwritten envelop in French & Chinese [empty]; undated; unsigned; French embassy in Beijing, donation contract for chapel in Tso Mey [Zaomei 藻美?], Fr. Robert; 12 x 14.5 cm.
043. [Content of #040] Handwritten property deed dated 21st day of 7th month of 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; signed Wu Cijia 吳賜家; on Wu Yuhuai 吳玉懷 donating land located in Zaomei County 藻美鄉 of Nanhai 南海 to Catholic Church; 60.5 x 39 cm.
044. Handwritten property deed envelop, no. 193 (?) 號; undated [but probably 1875]; unsigned; on Yan Fengzhen 向鳳珍 donating house & land located on Jiujiang Bao 九江堡 in Rulin County 儒林鄉 to Catholic Church on 21st day of 4th month of 1st year of Guangxu 光緒元年 [1875]; 28.5 x 15 cm.
045. [Content of #044] Handwritten note of property deed dated 21st day of 4th month of 1st year of Guangxu 光緒元年 [1875]; signed ??; on Yan Fengzhen 向鳳珍 donating house & land located on Jiujiang Bao 九江堡 in Rulin County 儒林鄉 to Catholic Church; 24.5 x 49.5 cm.
046. [Content of #044] Handwritten document dated 8th month of 7th year of Xianfeng 咸豐七年 [1856]; from Peilin 佩林; addressed to all his children on distributing family property to all children & asking them to obey & maintain family peace; 59.5 x 54.5 cm.
047. Handwritten property deed cover, no. 118 (?) 號; undated [but probably 1869]; unsigned; on Wu Huaiyu 吳懷玉 donating house & land located in Zaomei County 藻美鄉 of Nanhai 南海 to Catholic Church in 9th year of Tongzhi 同治九年 [1869]; 63 x 63 cm.
048. [Content of #047] Handwritten French envelop [empty]; undated; unsigned; Chathaou (?); 8 x ca. 11 cm.
049. [Content of #047] Handwritten property deed dated 6th day of 9th month of 6th year of Tongzhi 同治六年 [1866]; signed ??; on Wu Yuhuai 吳玉懷 donating land & house located in Zaomei County 藻美鄉 to Catholic Church; ca. 53 x 54 cm.
050. Handwritten property deed cover, no. 117 號; undated [but probably 1864]; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Deng Deri 鄧得日 in 4th year of Tongzhi 同治四年 [1864]; 63 x 63 cm.
051. [Content of #050] Handwritten property deed dated 10th day of 4th month of 4th year of Tongzhi 同治四年 [1864]; signed Deng Deri 鄧得日 & Deng Deyin 鄧得蔭, on sale of land located in Bijian County 碧澗鄉 to Catholic Church using Wu Yuqi 吳玉齊 as middleman; ca. 55 x ca. 35 cm.
052. [Content of #050] Handwritten paper wrapper (?) in French addressed to Msgr. Guillemin in Guangzhou on donation of property in Tsô-me (?) in 1867; 20 x 13.5 cm.
053. Handwritten property deed cover, no. 119 號; somewhat worm-eaten; undated [but probably 1862]; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land located at Shatou Bao 沙頭堡 of Nanhai 南海 from wife of He Longji 何龍濟 in 2nd year of Tongzhi 同治二年 [1862]; 63 x 63 cm.
054. [Content of #053] Handwritten property deed dated 11th month of 2nd year of Tongzhi 同治二年 [1862]; signed He 何？; on Catholic Church purchasing land located at Shatou Bao 沙頭堡 of Nanhai 南海 from wife of He Longji 何龍濟; ca. 50 x 25.5 cm.
055. [Content of #053] Handwritten paper wrapper (?) in French; undated; unsigned; on purchase of land & house close to chapel in Châ-thaou; 13 x 20.5 cm.
056. Handwritten property deed cover, no. 143 號; undated [but probably 1847]; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing property located in Datong 大同 of Nanhai 南海 28th year of Daoguang 道光二十八年 [1847]; 63 x 63 cm.
057. [Content of #056] Handwritten French envelop [empty]; undated; unsigned; addressed to Msgr. Chausse; 11 x 14 cm.
058. [Content of #056] Handwritten property deed dated 18th day of 8th month of 28th year of Daoguang 道光二十八年 [1847]; signed Cheng Xianxiu 程賢秀, Cheng Guangxiu 程廣秀 & Cheng Jianning 程堅寧 on Catholic Church purchasing house & land located in Datong 大同 of Nanhai 南海 from Cheng Xianxiu 程賢秀, Cheng Guangxiu 程廣秀 & Cheng Jianning 程堅寧; ca. 47.5 x ca. 33 cm.
059. Handwritten property deed envelop, no. 142 號; undated; unsigned; about Yang Chengguang 楊程光 selling property in Nanhai 南海 to Liu family 劉宅 on 23rd day of 11th month of 59th year of Qianlong 乾隆五十九年 [1793]; 29.5 x 15 cm.
060. [Content of #059] Handwritten property deed dated 23rd day of 11th month of 59th year of Qianlong 乾隆五十九年 [1793]; signed ??; on Yang Chengguang 楊程光 selling property in Nanhai 南海 to Liu family 劉宅; ca. 44 x ca. 21 cm.

001. Handwritten blue envelop in French & Chinese on stationary of the Mission Catholique Canton (Chine) 廣州石室天主堂; undated; unsigned; Pok-Lo 博多; 9.5 x 15.5 cm.
002. [Content of #001] Handwritten letter in French dated Hong Kong 07 October 1980 [but really after 1914]; signed Frayssinet; addressed to bishop; on Church purchasing real estate in Pok-Lo’s 博多 Koun Tchong &Sheuong T’ong 上塘, registering of properties with soldiers of Loung tsai-kong, pillaging & robbing in 1914, purchased building in Way tchao in 1899, consul & viceroy, parcel of land in Vouong t’ong for $50; quarto 17 x 11, 17 x 22 cm.
003. Handwritten note in French dated 14 December 1933; signed A. Fourquet; about Fr. Veyrés registering rice fields in Pak Tong; 15 x 19.5 cm.
004. Handwritten envelope in French & Chinese on stationary of the Mission Catholique Canton (Chine) 廣州石室天主堂; undated; unsigned; Lizhiyuan 荔枝園 [lychee garden] in Boluo 博羅; 12.5 x 15 cm.
005. [Content of #004] Handwritten property deed dated 19th day of 4th month of 24th year of Republic of China 中華民國二十四年 [1935]; signed Chen Yupi 陳玉皮; on Chen Tongzhi 陳同誌 selling lychee garden [荔枝園] to Fr. Wu 吳神父 using Chen Bingnan 陳炳南 as middleman; 53.5 x 49 cm.
006. Handwritten property-deed holder, no. 51 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing property located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from seller Huang Luhe 黃祿和 in 24th year of Guangxu 光緒二十四年 [1898], deed being destroyed during fire & being resigned with seller on 4th day of 2nd month of 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900]; 63 x 63 cm.
007. [Content of #006] Handwritten envelope in French [empty]; undated; unsigned; on Pak tong documents; 11 x 14.5 cm.
008. [Content of #006] Handwritten document, with red seals dated 18th day of 12th month of 13th year of Tongzhi 同治十三年 [1873]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司; addressed to Liu Xiulan 劉秀蘭; acknowledging Liu Xiulan’s purchase of Lin Longji’s 林隆記 land located at Botangxu 柏塘圩, information on tax payment regulations; 58/55 x 28/ca. 28 cm.
009. [Content of #006] Handwritten property deed, with red seal; dated 19th day of 1st month of 19th year of Guangxu 光緒十九年 [1893]; on Liu Xiulan 劉秀蘭 selling house to Huang Luhe 黃祿和; 57 x 25.5 cm.
010. [Content of #006] Handwritten property deed dated 4th day of 2nd month of 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900]; on Huang Luhe 黃祿和 selling house to Catholic Church using Zhang Yaqin 張亞欽 as middleman; 53.5 x 25 cm.
011. [Content of #006] Handwritten property deed; undated; unsigned; on Huang Luhe 黃祿和 selling house to Catholic Church; 53 x 12.5 cm.

012. Handwritten envelope [empty], no. 241 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Huang Dongsheng 黃東勝 & Huang Qingxiang 黃慶祥 in 29th year of Guangxu 光緒二十九年 [1903]; 28 x 15 cm.
013. Handwritten envelope, no. 244 號; undated; unsigned; about Catholic Church purchasing land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Yang Tingzhen 楊廷禎 in 27th year of Guangxu 光緒二十七年 [1901]; 28 x 15 cm.
014. [Content of #013] Document dated Guangxu 光緒 [but 1901]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司; addressed to Catholic Church; about acknowledging Catholic Church’s purchase of land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Yang Tingzhen 楊廷禎 in 27th year of Guangxu 光緒二十四年 [1901], information on tax payment regulations; 55.5 x ca. 26.5 cm.
015. [Content of #013] Handwritten property deed dated 10th day of 2nd month of 24th year of Guangxu 光緒二十四年 [1898]; unsigned; on Yang Tingzhen 楊廷禎 selling land to Catholic Church, Zhang Gui 張歸 & Fr. Shen 伸神父 using Yang Yiguang 楊儀光 as middleman; 59 x 30 cm.
016. Handwritten envelope, no. 243 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing house from Li Guansheng 李觀生 & Li Yuanzhen 李遠貞 in 28th year of Guangxu 光緒二十八年 [1902]; 28 x 15 cm.
017. [Content of #016] Document dated 6th month of 29th year of Guangxu 光緒二十九年 [1903]; unsigned; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司; addressed to Catholic Church acknowledging Catholic Church’s purchase of property from Li Guansheng 李觀生; 53.5 x 25 cm.
018. [Content of #016] Handwritten property deed dated 12th day of 11th month of 28th year of Guangxu 光緒二十八年 [1902]; signed Li Yannan 李燕南; on Li Guansheng 李觀生 & Li Yuanzhen 李遠貞 selling land to Catholic Church using Li Chunda 李椿達 et al. as middlemen; 54.5 x 27 cm.
019. Handwritten envelope, no. 232 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Li Guansheng 李觀生 & Li Yuanzhen 李遠貞 on 22nd day of 11th month of 28th year of Guangxu 光緒二十八年 [1902]; 28 x 15 cm.
020. [Content of #019] Handwritten property deed dated 12th day of 11th month of 28th year of Guangxu 光緒二十八年 [1902]; signed Li Yannan 李燕南; about Li Guansheng 李觀生 & Li Yuanzhen 李遠貞 selling land to Catholic Church using Li Yadeng 李亞登, Li Chunda 李椿達 et al. as middlemen; 55 x 53 cm.
021. Handwritten envelope, no. 250 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 on 24th day of 3rd month of 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900]; 28 x 15 cm.
022. [Content of #021] Handwritten official announcement, red-stamped, dated 24th day of 3rd month of 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900]; from government of Boluo County 博羅縣; announcing a parcel of government land being approved to bury Fr. Shen 伸教士; 57 x 36.5 cm.
023. Handwritten envelope, no. 248 號; undated; unsigned; Catholic Church purchasing land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 in 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900]; 28 x 15 cm.
024. [Content of #023] Document dated 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司; addressed to Catholic Church acknowledging purchase of land from Liu Wanhe 劉萬和 & tax payment regulations; 55 x ca. 25.5 cm.
025. [Content of #023] Handwritten property deed dated 2nd day of 2nd month of 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900]; signed Liu Yakang 劉亞康; Liu Wanhe 劉萬和 selling land in Boluo County 博羅縣 to Catholic Church using Zhang Ruitang 張瑞堂 et al. as middlemen; 56 x ca. 37 cm.

026. Handwritten envelope, no. 242 號; undated; unsigned; Catholic Church purchase of building located in Boluo County 博羅縣 in 24th year of Guangxu 光緒二十四年 [1898]; 28 x 15 cm.
027. [Content of #026] Document dated 4th day of 2nd month of 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司; signed Huang Rongguang 黃榮光; to Catholic Church acknowledging purchase of land from Huang Luhe 黃祿和 using Zhang Yaqin 張亞欽 as middleman & tax payment regulations; 55.5/53 x 55 cm.
028. Handwritten envelope, no. 234 號; undated; unsigned; Catholic Church purchase of building located in Boluo county 博羅縣 from Yang Yuji 楊裕記 on 19th day of 10th month of 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; 28 x 15 cm.
029. [Content of #028] Handwritten property deed dated 19th day of 10th month of 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; signed Chen Xianting 陳顯廷; Catholic Church purchase of building located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Yang Yuji 楊裕記 using Yang Yafu 楊亞福 as middleman; 54 x 28.5 cm.
030. Handwritten envelope, no. 247 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Zhang Zhuxiu 張朱秀 in 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; 28 x 15 cm.
031. [Content of #030] Handwritten note, undated; unsigned; on property deed No. 2; 13 x 4.5 cm.
032. [Content of #030] Document dated 28th year of Guangxu 光緒二十八年 [1902]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司; addressed to Catholic Church acknowledging purchase of building from Zhang Zhuxiu 張朱秀 using Zhang Lihe 張利合 & Zhang Maolong 張茂隆 as agents & tax information; 54/56.5 x 53.5 cm.
033. Handwritten envelope, no. 240 號; on Catholic Church purchasing building located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Zhang Yayang 張亞揚 in 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; 28 x 15 cm.
034. [Content of #033] Handwritten property deed dated 9th day of 3rd month of 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; on Catholic Church purchasing building located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Zhang Yayang 張亞揚 using Zhang Lihe 張利合 & Zhang Maolong 張茂隆 as agents; 52.5 x 36.5 cm.
035. [Content of #033] Document dated 27th year of Guangxu 光緒二十七年 [1901]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司 addressed to Catholic Church acknowledging purchase of building from Zhang Yayang 張亞揚 & tax information; ca. 54 x ca. 25.5 cm.
036. Handwritten envelope, no. 246 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing building located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Zhang Zhuxiu 張朱秀 in 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; 28 x 15 cm.
037. [Content of #036] Handwritten property deed dated 9th day of 3rd month of 23rd year of Guangxu 光緒二十三年 [1897]; signed Zhang Danju 張丹居; on Catholic Church purchasing building located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Zhang Zhuxiu 張朱秀 using Zhang Lihe 張利合 & Zhang Maolong 張茂隆 as middlemen, includes small map with details of property; 53 x 22.5 cm.
038. [Content of #036] Document dated 27th year of Guangxu 光緒二十七年 [1901]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司 addressed to Catholic Church acknowledging purchase of building from Zhang Zhuxiu 張朱秀 & tax information; 55 x 25.5 cm.

039. Handwritten envelope, no. 251 號; on Catholic Church purchasing building located in Boluo County 博羅縣 in 22nd year of Guangxu 光緒二十二年 [1896]; 28 x 15 cm.
040. [Content of #039] Handwritten property deed dated 17th day of 12th month of 22nd year of Guangxu 光緒二十二年 [1896]; ont Ye of Zhong family 鐘葉氏 selling house to Catholic Church; 42 x 29 cm.
041. Handwritten envelope, no. 236 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Sun Tangjiao 孫塘嬌 on 21st day of 5th month of 21st year of Guangxu 光緒二十一年 [1895]; 28 x 15 cm.
042. [Content of #041] Handwritten property deed dated 21st day of 5th month of 21st year of Guangxu 光緒二十一年 [1895]; signed Sun Zhuxiu 孫珠琇; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Sun Tangjiao 孫塘嬌 using Yang Yasheng 楊亞生 as middleman; 45 x 43 cm.
043. Handwritten envelope, no. 268 號 undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Luo Jieru 羅捷如 in 9th month of 20th year of Guangxu 光緒二十年 [1894]; 28 x 15 cm.
044. [Content of #043] Handwritten property deed dated 20th year of Guangxu 光緒二十年 [1894]; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Luo Jieru 羅捷如; 21 x 14.5 cm.
045. [Content of #043] Handwritten property deed dated 29th year of Guangxu 光緒二十九年 [1903] on Catholic Church purchasing land from Luo Jieru 羅捷如; 21 x 14.5 cm.
046. [Content of #043] Handwritten paper wrapper in Chinese & French undated; unsigned; on Vicar Léang, Fr. Zhu 朱, etc.
047. Handwritten envelope, no. 245 號 undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Huang Guiquan 黃貴銓 & Huang Acheng 黃阿成 in 20th year of Guangxu 光緒二十年 [1894]; 28 x 15 cm.
048. [Content of #047] Handwritten property deed dated 2nd day of 4th month of 20th year of Guangxu 光緒二十年 [1894]; signed Wang Chao 王朝？; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Huang Guiquan 黃貴銓 & Huang Acheng 黃阿成 using Zhang Yaliang 張亞良 et al. as middlemen; 53.5 x 47 cm.
049. [Content of #047] Document dated 27th year of Guangxu 光緒二十七年 [1901]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司; addressed to Catholic Church acknowledging purchase of building from Huang Guiquan 黃貴銓 & tax information; 54.5 x 26 cm.
050. Handwritten envelope, no. 249 號; on Catholic Church purchasing property from Huang Guiquan 黃貴銓 & Huang Acheng 黃阿成 in 20th year of Guangxu 光緒二十年 [1894]; 28 x 15 cm.
051. [Content of #050] Document dated 2nd day of 4th month of 20th year of Guangxu 光緒二十年 [1894]; from Buzhengshisi of Guangdong 廣東布政使司; addressed to Catholic Church; signed Wang Chao 王朝？acknowledging purchase of building from Huang Guiquan 黃貴銓 & Huang Acheng 黃阿成 using Zhang Yaliang 張亞良 et al. as middlemen; 54 x ca. 68 cm.

052. Handwritten envelope, no. 233 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Zhang Yarong 張亞容, Zhang Yaqi 張亞奇 & Zhang Yahe 張亞和 on 5th day of 10th month of 19th year of Guangxu 光緒十九年 [1893]; 28 x 15 cm.
053. [Content of #052] Handwritten property deed dated 5th day of 10th month of 19th year of Guangxu 光緒十九年 [1893]; signed Zhang Yarong張亞容, Zhang Yahe 張亞合, Zhang Yakun 張亞閏; about Zhang Yarong張亞容, Zhang Yaqi張亞奇, Zhang Yahe 張亞和 selling land to Catholic Church using Zhang Yacheng 張亞成 as middleman; 56 x 53.5 cm.
054. Handwritten envelope, no. 239 號; on Catholic Church purchasing land for burial ground & cemetery located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from He Zhenhai 何振海 on 19th day of 9th month of 6th year of Daoguang 道光六年 [1826]; purchasing land from Ge Lingzhu 葛令硃 on 24th day of 3rd month of 16th year of Guangxu 光緒十六年 [1890]; 28 x 15 cm.
055. [Content of #054] Handwritten announcement dated 24th day of 3rd month of 26th year of Guangxu 光緒二十六年 [1900] from local government of Boluo County 博羅縣 announcing that Fr. Feng 馮教士 purchased Liu Wanhe’s 劉萬和 property to build church, requesting local population remain calm; 56 x 32 cm.
056. [Content of #054] Handwritten property deed dated 19th day of 9th month of 6th year of Daoguang 道光六年 [1825]; signed He Tongji 何統基; on Catholic Church purchasing land for burial ground & cemetery located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from He Zhenhai 何振海 et al. using Gan Yagui 甘亞貴 et al. as middlemen; ca. 50 x 26 cm.
057. Handwritten envelope, no. 264 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing orchard from Zhang Yashui 張亞水 & Zhang Rongguang 張容光 in 7th month of 7th year of Guangxu 光緒七年 [1881]; 28 x 15 cm.
058. [Content of #057] Handwritten ornate envelope “喜報” in Chinese & French; undated; unsigned; containing documents representing properly deal; 15 x 7.5 cm.
059. [Content of #057] [Content of #058] Handwritten property deed dated 3rd day of 12th month of 7th year of Guangxu 光緒七年 [1881]; signed Zhang Yashui 張亞水 & Zhang Rongguang 張容光; on Zhang Yashui 張亞水 & Zhang Rongguang 張容光 selling orchard to Catholic Church using Xu Yingming 許應明 as middleman; ca. 53 x 26 cm.
060. Handwritten envelop, no. 237 號; undated; unsigned; on Fr. Ba 巴神父 purchasing land from Li Yanian 李亞年 on 4th day of 2nd month of 7th year of Guangxu 光緒七年 [1881]; 28 x 15 cm.
061. [Content of #060] Handwritten property deed dated 4th day of 2nd month of 7th year of Guangxu 光緒七年 [1881]; signed Li Yaxiu 李亞秀 & Li Yanian 李亞年; on Li Yalian 李亞連 and Li Yaxiu 李亞秀 selling land to Church using Li Lianxing 李連興 as middleman; ca. 52 x 22.5 cm.
062. Handwritten envelope, no. 238 號; undated; unsigned; on Fr. Ba 巴神父 purchasing land from Li Yaying 李亞穎 on 8th day of 3rd month of 7th year of Guangxu 光緒七年 [1881]; 28 x 15 cm.
063. [Content of #062] Handwritten property deed dated 8th day of 3rd month of 7th year of Guangxu 光緒七年 [1881]; on Li Yaying 李亞穎 selling land to Fr. Ba 巴神父 using Li Chou 李疇? as agent; 53 x 23 cm.

064. Handwritten envelope, no. 265 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Zhang Liuwen 張劉穩 in 4th year of Guangxu 光緒四年 [1878]; 28 x 15 cm.
065. [Content of #064] Handwritten ornate envelope “喜報” in Chinese & French; undated; unsigned; containing documents representing properly deal in Liou-voun (?); 15 x 7.5 cm.
066. [Content of #064] [Content of #065] Handwritten property deed dated 8th day of 5th month of 6th year of Guangxu 光緒六年 [1880]; about Zhang Liuwen 張劉穩 selling land to Catholic Church; 54 x 32.5 cm.
067. Handwritten envelope, no. 267 號; undated; unsigned; on Catholic Church purchasing land from Zhang Folian 張佛聯 in 6th year of Guangxu 光緒六年 [1880]; 28 x 15 cm.
068. [Content of #067] Handwritten ornate envelope “喜報” in Chinese & French; undated; unsigned; containing documents representing properly deal in Poc-lo; 15 x 7.5 cm.
069. [Content of #067] [Content of #068] Handwritten property deed dated 5th day of 6th month of 6th year of Guangxu 光緒六年 [1880]; about Zhang Folian 張佛聯 selling land to Catholic Church; ca. 54 x 53 cm.
070. Handwritten envelope, no. 266 號; undated; unsigned; Catholic Church purchasing land from Zhang Sansheng 張三勝 in 6th year of Guangxu 光緒六年 [1880]; 28 x 15 cm.
071. [Content of #070] Handwritten ornate envelope “喜報” in Chinese & French; undated; unsigned; containing documents representing properly deal in Poc-lo; 15 x 7.5 cm.
072. [Content of #070] [Content of #071] Handwritten property deed dated 20th day of 5th month of 6th year of Guangxu 光緒六年 [1880]; Zhang Sansheng 張三勝 selling land to Catholic Church; 54.5 x 54 cm.
073. Handwritten envelope, no. 261 號; Catholic Church purchasing land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Zhang Yaguan 張亞觀; 28 x 15 cm.
074. [Content of #073] Handwritten ornate envelope “ 喜報” in Chinese & French; undated; unsigned; containing documents representing properly deal in Poc-lo; 15 x 7.5 cm.
075. [Content of #073] [Content of #074] Handwritten property deed dated 5th day of 6th month of 6th year of Guangxu 光緒六年 [1880]; Zhang Yaguan 張亞觀 selling land located in Boluo County 博羅縣 to Catholic Church using Zhang Yahua 張亞華 as middleman; 44 x 42 cm.
076. Handwritten envelope, no. 235 號; Li Yakang 李亞康 et al. selling land to Catholic Church on 20th day of 9th month of 5th year of Guangxu 光緒五年 [1879]; 28 x 15 cm.
077. [Content of #076] Handwritten property deed dated 20th day of 9th month of 5th year of Guangxu 光緒五年 [1879]; signed Li Shiqi 李石其; on Li Yakang 李亞康, Li Yahua 李亞華 & Li Yading 李亞丁 selling land to Yang An 楊安 using Li Yapin 李亞頻 as middleman; 55 x 27.5 cm.
078. Handwritten envelope, no. 263 號; Catholic Church purchasing tree grove and orchard located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Zhang Liuwen 張劉穩 in 4th year of Guangxu 光緒四年 [1878]; 28 x 15 cm.
079. [Content of #078] Handwritten ornate envelop “喜報” in Chinese & French; undated; unsigned; containing documents representing properly deal in Poc-lo; 15 x 7.5 cm.
080. [Content of #078] [Content of #079] Handwritten property deed dated 7th day of 3rd month of 4th year of Guangxu 光緒四年 [1878]; signed Zhang Chengmei 張成美; Catholic Church purchasing tree grove & orchard located in Boluo County 博羅縣 from Zhang Liuwen 張劉穩 using Zhang Yafo 張亞佛 as middleman; 43.5 x 28.5 cm.
081. Handwritten envelope, no. 260 號; undated; unsigned; on thirty-eight (38) households in Shangtangwei 上塘圍 of Boluo County 博羅縣 giving land belonging to Zhang 張 to Fr. Ba 巴神父; 28 x 15 cm.
082. [Content of #081] Handwritten ornate envelope “喜報” in Chinese & French; undated; unsigned; containing documents representing properly deal in Poc-lo; 15 x 7.5 cm.
083. [Content of #081] [Content of #082] Handwritten property deed; undated; on thirty-eight (38) households in Shangtangwei 上塘圍 of Boluo County 博羅縣 donating land belonging to Zhang 張 to Fr. Ba 巴神父, with a list of about forty names from this village agreeing to this donation, including clan leader Zhang Sansheng 張三勝; 24 x 79.5 cm.
084. Handwritten envelope, no. 262 號; undated; unsigned; on Zhang Folian 張佛聯 & Zhang Guandai 張觀帶 selling land to Fr. Ba 巴神父 in 4th year of Guangxu 光緒四年 [1878]; 28 x 15 cm.
085. [Content of #084] Handwritten ornate envelope “喜報” in Chinese & French; undated; unsigned; containing documents representing properly deal in Poc-lo; 15 x 7.5 cm.
086. [Content of #084] [Content of #085] Handwritten property deed dated 8th day of 3rd month of 4th year of Guangxu 光緒四年 [1878] on Zhang Folian 張佛聯 & Zhang Guandai 張觀帶 selling land to Fr. Ba 巴神父 of Catholic Church; 43.5 x 38.5 cm.

This is a study of the economic and financial history of the Paris Foreign Missions Society (Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris) in the southern Chinese province of Guangdong (formerly known as Canton) from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. It examines how missionaries acquired and utilized local properties, demonstrating how property acquisitions provided a testing ground for Sino-Western relations. While historians have typically focused on the ways that missionaries affected Chinese populations and policies, I instead argue that living and attempting to gain influence in Guangdong altered missionaries' tactics and strategies in ways that had far-reaching consequences. The government of China (which over the course of my study changed from an empire to a republic) consistently attempted to restrict foreign missions' right to purchase Chinese properties. I show that, by indigenizing its property acquisition methods the French Catholic mission in Guangdong was able to accumulate a large quantity of properties both in urban and rural areas, but doing so required negotiating with authorities and commoners, and assistance from both Chinese converts and French authorities. As a result, the Guangzhou French Catholic mission's economic activities were intertwined with both local society and high level diplomacy.

Local access. dig.pdf. [Xiang-French Mission Guangzhou.pdf]