Abstract
My dissertation focuses on the violence associated with two Korean Catholics from the late Chosŏn dynasty. My first subject, Alexius Hwang Sayŏng, wrote a letter during the anti-Catholic suppression of 1801 to the bishop of Beijing proposing that a Western armada invade Korea to force the Chosŏn state to tolerate Catholicism, only to be arrested and executed for treason. In 1909, my second subject, Thomas An Chunggŭn, assassinated Itō Hirobumi, the first resident-general of Korea, in hopes that his death would lead to the restoration of Korean independence. Through the study of their writings, interrogation reports, court records, public pronouncements, newspapers, missionary letters and journals, I reveal the different types of violence they sought to justify, suffered, and were reacting to.

While Hwang and Neo-Confucian officials both believed that violence could be legitimately deployed in order to actualize the worldviews mandated by their respective religions, the centrality of religion had largely been eclipsed by the secular ideologies of nationalism, Social-Darwinism, and Pan-Asianism, by An‟s time. This situation led to a struggle within and between An and foreign missionaries over the proper relationship between nation, state, and religion, and eventually to An‟s decision to kill Itō for both religious and secular reasons, even as the Catholic Church forbade violent resistance to Japan‟s colonial project.

Through a comparison of the violence associated with Hwang and An, I show that religion can both encourage and discourage violence at the same time, and that its influence can be shaped, magnified, or diminished by secular worldviews, proving the difficulty in simply labeling violence as “religious” or “secular,” and the essentially ambiguous nature of violence. I therefore propose that, in contravention to scholars who argue that religion is somehow more violent than secular ideologies, it is not so much whether a type of violence can be labeled as secular or religious, but the contents of that worldview, its relationship with other worldviews within an individual, and the historical context in which it is actualized, that is more important in determining its propensity for violence.

Local access dig.pdf. [Rausch-Ambiguity of violence.pdf]

The dawn of Christianity in Korea -- The foundation and development of the church in Korea -- The persecution of 1801 -- Continued church sufferings in provincial areas -- The establishment of the Korean Vicariate Apostolic -- The persecution of 1839 -- The great persecution of 1846 -- The development of the Catholic church in the reign of King Ch'ŏl-jong (1850-1863) -- The great persecution of 1866 -- The open-door policy -- The Catholic church in Korea under Japan and its continued growth -- The development and growth of the church after the Second World War -- Religious oppression during the Korean War -- The apostolic internunciature -- The province of Seoul -- The province of Tae-gu -- The province of Kwang-ju -- The missionary societies -- The religious orders and others.

Critical readings on Christianity in Korea / Donald Baker

Includes bibliographical references and index.

"Until the last quarter of the eighteenth century, there were no Christians in Korea. Today Korea is one of the most Christian countries in Asia, with over 30% of South Koreans claiming Christianity as their religious affiliation. The articles in these volumes trace the history of Christianity in Korea from its eighteenth-century beginnings to the present day. These articles address differences in how Catholicism and Protestantism were received, as well as the changing relationship of Christianity to political power, and the impact of Christianity on gender roles. They also examine how Christianity has interacted with the other religious institutions in Korea, and how Christianity has become Koreanized. They present the most sophisticated and the most recent research on the remarkable transformation of the religious culture of Korea over the last two and a half centuries." -- Back cover.

Volume One. Christianity in Korea / Don Baker -- The martyrdom of Paul Yun: Western religion and Eastern ritual in eighteen-century Korea / Donald L. Baker -- Early missionary attempts in Korea / Albert Chan -- The abolition of ancestral rites and tablets by Catholicism in the Chos¿ѣn Dynasty and the basic meaning of Confucian ancestral rites / Ch'oe Ki-bok -- Conflict and dialogue between Confucianism and Christianity: an analysis of the Tianzhu shiyi by Matteo Ricci / Song Young-bae -- Like birds and beasts: Justifying violence against Catholics in late Chos¿ѣn Korea / Franklin Rausch -- The pursuit of martyrdom in the Catholic Church in Korea before 1866 / Andrew Finch -- The beautiful mission: The Catholic missionary experience in Korea, 1853-1866 / Daniel Kane -- The legacy of John Ross / James H. Grayson -- The impact of Christianity upon Korea, 1884-1910: six key American and Korean figures / Daniel M. Davies -- Unequal partners, contested relations: Protestant missionaries and Korean Christians, 1884-1907 / Paul S. Cha -- A study on the Protestant discourse of civilization in early modern Korea / Cho Hyeon Beom -- Protestantism in the name of modern civilization / Jang Sukman -- Protestantism in late Confucian Korea: its growth and historical meaning / Chung-shin Park -- The revivalist and fundamentalist theology of Rev. Kil S¿ѣn-ju: Commemorating the centenary of the Great Revival of 1907 in Рђ́ةy¿ѣngyang / Hwang / Jae-Buhm -- Nomadism and the discovery of the nation: the case of Yun Chiho / Lee Sang-Hoon -- Major Protestant revivals in Korea, 1903-35 / Sung-Deuk Oak -- The American missionary movement in Korea, 1882-1945: its contributions and American diplomacy / Jung Young Lee

Volume Two. Visions of violence, dreams of peace: Religion, race, and nation in An Chungg¿Ưn's A treatise on peace in the East / Franklin Rausch -- A political factor in the rise of Protestantism in Korea: Protestantism and the 1919 March First Movement / Timothy S. Lee -- The Shinto shrine issue in Korean Christianity under Japanese colonialism / Kim Sung Gun -- The Shint¿џ shrine conflict and Protestant martyrs in Korea, 1938-1945 / James Grayson -- No distinction between sacred and secular: Horace H. Underwood and Korean-American relations, 1934-1948 / John Chol An -- Religion and the democratization movement / In-Chul Kang -- The relationship between Christian communities and Chung-Hee Park's government in Korea / Wi Jo Kang -- The progressive Christian church and democracy in South Korea / Yun-Shik Chang -- Protestant Church and Wolnamin: an explanation of Protestant conservatism in South Korea / In-Cheol Kang -- An analysis of the debate over conscientious objection in Korea / Mun Soo-hyun -- Catholicism and women in the royal court of King Sunjo in the late Chosun Dynasty / Joo Park -- Women in the history of Catholicism in Korea / Ok-hy Kim -- Women's work for 'heathen sisters': American women missionaries and their educational work in Korea / Hyaeweol Choi -- For God and home: Women's education in early Korean Protestantism / Chong Bum (Sean) Kim -- The visual embodiment of women in the Korea mission field / Hyaeweol Choi

Volume Three. Protestant missionary work and enligtenment of Korean women / Hyo-Chae Lee -- Korean Bible women's success: Using the Anbang ntework and the religious authority of the Mudang / Lee-Ellen Strawn -- Negotiating patriarchy: South Korean evangelical women and the politics of gender / Kelly H. Chong -- An understanding of orthodoxy and heresy in Korean church history / Jeong-Min Suh -- Historical currents and characteristics of Korean Protestantism after liberation / Sukman Jang -- Via media in the Land of Morning Calm: The Anglican Church in Korea / Sean C. Kim -- Yesuw¿ѣn: An ongoing experiment in the Kangw¿ѣndo wilderness / Deberniere Torrey -- Adversity and advance: The experience of the Orthodox Church of Korea / Michelle Sungshin Lim -- The Korean War and the rise of Christian new religious movemens in Korea / Ji Il Tark -- Korean Christian theologies of the Holy Spirit: their distincitiveness and their origins in Korean experience / Kirsteen Kim -- Korean Protestant Christianity in the midst of globalization: Neoliberalism and the Pentecostalization of Korean churches / Sung Gun Kim -- Ethereal Christianity: Reading Korean mega-church websites / Kirsteen Kim -- Encounter with modernity: The "McDonaldization" and "Charimatization" of Korean mega-churches / Hong Young-gi -- Traditional religions and Christianity in Korea: Reciprocal relations and conflicts / Don-ku Kang -- Ancestors becoming Children of God: Ritual clashes between Confucian tradition and Christianity in contemporary Korea / Okpyo Moon

Volume Four. Ch'udo Yebae: A case study in the early emplantation of Protestant Christianity in Korea / James Huntley Grayson -- What should Christians do about a shaman-progenitor: Evangelicals and ethnic nationalism in South Korea / Tomothy S. Lee -- Healing and exorcism: Christian encounters with Shamanism in early modern Korea / Sung-Deuk Oak -- Faith healing in Korean Christianity: The Christian Church in Korea and Shamanism / Fuchigami Ky¿џko -- The movement of copying the Bible in South Korea: An embodiment of Christian and Confucian spiritualities / Chang-Won Park -- Christianity in Korea / Horace G. Underwood -- The structure and characteristics of Sunday worship in Korean Protestant churches: Focusing on the Korean Methodist Church / Sang Un Park -- Two aspects of an evangelical quest to Christianize Korea: Mammoth crusades and sectarian incivility / Timothy S. Lee -- Sociological implications of the Roman Catholic conversion boom in Korea / Youngseok Moon -- Markets of piety and pious markets: The Protestant ethic and the spirit of Korean capitalism / Jean-Paul Baldacchino -- 'Serving two masters': Protestant churches in Korea and money / Gil-Soo Han, Joy J. Han & Andrew Eungi Kim -- A sociological study on the factors of church growth and decline in Korea / Won Gue Lee -- Historical religious structure and the rapid growth of Protestantism in Korean society, 1945-1990 / Setbyol Choi.

Reprint. Originally published: Shanghai Tushanwan yinshuguan 上海土山灣印書館, 1929.

In collection: Hanyu Jidujiao zhenxi wenxian congkan. Di 1 ji 漢語基督教珍稀文獻叢刊. 第一辑 = Collected rare Christian books and documents in Chinese, vol. 10, pp. 1-179.

Local access dig.pdf. [TBD]

Han'guk Ch'ŏnju kyohoesa ŭi pit kwa kŭrimja : Tonsa Cho Kwang Kyosu chŏngnyŏn kinyŏm nonch'ong 한국 천주교회사의 빛과 그림자 : 敦史 趙 珖 교수 정년 기념 논총 / Cho Hyŏn-bŏm [Jo Hyeonbeom] 조현범

Includes bibliographical references.

Han'guk Ch'ŏnju kyohoesa 한국 천주교 회사 = Korean Catholic history = History of the Catholic Church in Korea / Han'guk Kyohoesa Yŏn'guso 韓國敎會史硏究所 / 한국 교회사 연구소, Kim Sŏng-t'ae 김성태 [Kim Seongtae], et al.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

제 1부. 가톨릭 교회 와 아시아 선교 -- 제 2부. 조선 후기 서학의 수용과 천주교회의 설립 -- 제 3부. 시련 속의 교회 -- 제 4부. 선교 의 자유 와 교회 의 성장 -- 제 5부. 일제 강점기 의 교회.

Contents note: 1. Introduction; 2. Believers, martyrs and missionaries, 1592-1876; 3. Evangelism, patriotism and revivalism, 1876-1910; 4. Oppression, resistance and millennial hope, 1910-45; 5. Liberation, service and divisions, 1945-61; 6. Growth, thought and struggle, 1961-88; 7. Missions, reconciliation and public life, 1988 to the present.

"With a third of South Koreans now identifying themselves as Christian, Christian churches play an increasingly prominent role in the social and political events of the Korean peninsula. Sebastian Kim and Kirsteen Kim's comprehensive and timely history of different Christian denominations in Korea includes surveys of the Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant traditions as well as new church movements. They examine the Korean Christian diaspora and missionary movements from South Korea and also give cutting-edge insights into North Korea. This book, the first recent one-volume history and analysis of Korean Christianity in English, highlights the challenges faced by the Christian churches in view of Korea's distinctive and multireligious cultural heritage, South Korea's rapid rise in global economic power and the precarious state of North Korea, which threatens global peace. This History will be an important resource for all students of world Christianity, Korean studies and mission studies"-- Provided by publisher.

History of the Korean Church : preceded by an introduction on Korean history, institutions, language, mores, and customs, with a map and plates / by Charles Dallet ; translated by Gari Ledyard

Translated from Histoire de l'eglise de Corée. Paris : V. Palmé, 1874. (translation copyright 1989, 2000)

Includes bibliographical references.

v.1. Book 1. From the first martyrdoms until the arrival of Father Jacques Zhou, a Chinese priest sent by the bishop of Peking 1784-1794 ; Book 2. From the arrival of Father Zhou in Korea to his glorious martyrdom 1794-1801 -- v. 2. Book 3. From the martyrdom of Father Zhou to the end of the persecution 1801-1802.

Local access dig.pdf. [Dallet-Ledyard-History Korean Church.pdf]  

Kankoku to kirisutokyō : ikani shite kokkateki shūkyō ni narietaka 韓国とキリスト教 : いかにして“国家的宗教”になりえたか / Asami Masakazu 浅見雅一 ; An Teien 安廷苑著.
Includes bibliographical references.

Orígenes de la Iglesia Católica Coreana desde 1566 hasta 1784 : según documentos inéditos de la época / Juan G. Ruiz de Medina.
Includes index. Bibliography: p. [14]-18.

Sungsil Taehakkyo Han'guk Kidokkyo Pangmulgwan 숭실대학교 한국 기독교 박물관 = The Korean Christian museum at Soongsil university.

Text in Korean, with captions in English.