陳拓：《君師之間：晚明思想場中的歐洲教宗制》，《漢學研究》（臺北）2024年3月第42卷第1期，第103-144頁

摘要：在歐洲啟蒙時代，中國曾被伏爾泰等奉為開明專制的典範，此學界所熟知；在晚明時期，歐洲教宗制也被國人視為中國政治的他山之石，此學界所鮮知。自明萬曆年間，善於捕捉中國思想風向的利瑪竇與艾儒略，即有意識地向中國士人宣揚教宗制具有主持教化、傳賢不婚、盛德無私、權大於君等優點。介於君師之間的教宗，很快成為晚明士人的討論話題：褒美者如葛寅亮、黃景昉、周應賓、張岱等，認為教宗制與儒家傳賢論、師道觀等契合，甚至讚譽教宗制超越三代，合孔子、墨子、老子、釋迦摩尼、齊桓公與晉文公於一人；而批評者則將教宗制斥為悖亂綱常、破壞治統的二主夷風。藉由點評教宗制，晚明士人的一些隱微思想得以輾轉吐露，多元聲音背後暗含著政治思想的分歧。明清鼎革後，君師合一的獨尊型政治格局逐漸奠定，師道淪為君權附庸，教宗制隨之淡出中國士人的論域。

關鍵詞：君權；師道；教宗；思想史；經學

Abstract and title also in English:
Chen Tuo, "Between Monarch and Master: Literati’s Diverse Interpretations of the Pope in Late Ming China"

Abstract: Scholars have discussed in depth how China was once regarded by Voltaire (1694-1778) and others as a paragon of enlightened absolutism during the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, but have largely overlooked the fact that Chinese literati also considered the European pope as a political model in the late Ming dynasty. Under the reign of the Wanli Emperor of the Ming, Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) and Giulio Aleni (1582-1649), both skilled at apprehending Chinese intellectual trends, intentionally promoted to the Chinese literati that the papal system had many advantages, such as taking charge of moralization, selecting successors by election rather than kinship, not marrying, being selfless, and having power over the emperor. The pope quickly became a controversial topic among literati in late Ming China. On the one hand, advocators such as Ge Yinliang 葛寅亮 (1570-1646), Huang Jingfang 黃景昉 (1596-1662), Zhou Yingbin 周應賓 (1554-1626), and Zhang Dai 張岱 (1597-1680) believed that the papal system was compatible with the Confucian abdication system and the way of the “master” 師. They even praised the papal system for having surpassed the “three earliest dynasties” and being able to combine the merits of Confucius, Mozi, Laozi, Shakyamuni, Duke Huan of Qi 齊桓公, and Duke Wen of Jin 晉文公 all into one individual. But on the other, critics denounced the papal system as a threat to the monarchical power. The divergent voices in these commentaries on the papal system reveal the subtle differences in late Ming literati’s political and ideological thoughts. After entering the Qing dynasty, the unity of the emperor and the “master” was gradually established, with the “master” becoming the subordinate of the monarchy. As a result, the topic concerning the papal system faded out of the Chinese literati’s discourse.

Keywords: Monarchical Power, The Way of Master, Pope, Intellectual History, Confucian Classics

The objectionable Li Zhi : fiction, criticism, and dissent in late Ming China / edited by Rivi Handler-Spitz, Pauline C. Lee, and Haun Saussy.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Introduction / Rivi Handler-Spitz, Pauline C. Lee, Haun Saussy -- Authenticity and Filiality. The Problem of Genuineness in Li Zhi / Wai-yee Li -- Li Zhi's Strategic Self-Fashioning: Sketch of a Filial Self / Maram Epstein -- Friends and Teachers. The Perils of Friendship: Li Zhi's Predicament / Martin W. Huang -- A Public of Letters: The Correspondence of Li Zhi and Geng Dingxiang / Timothy Brook -- Affiliation and Differentiation: Li Zhi as Teacher and Student / Rivi Handler-Spitz -- Manipulations of Gender. Image Trouble, Gender Trouble: Was Li Zhi an Enlightened Man / Ying Zhang -- Native Seeds of Change: Women, Writing, and Re-Reading Tradition / Pauline C. Lee -- Performing Authenticity: Li Zhi, Buddhism, and the Rise of Textual Spirituality in Early Modern China / Jiang Wu -- Afterlives. Performing as Li Zhi / Robert E. Hegel -- Li Zhi and the Question of Life and Death in Ming-Qing Intellectual History / Miaw-fen Lu.

"The iconoclastic scholar Li Zhi (1527-1602) was a central figure in the cultural world of the late Ming dynasty. His provocative and controversial writings and actions powerfully shaped late-Ming print culture, commentarial and epistolary practice, discourses on authenticity and selfhood, attitudes toward friendship and masculinity, displays of filial piety, understandings of the public and private spheres, views toward women, and perspectives on Buddhism and the afterlife. In this volume, leading sinologists demonstrate the interrelatedness of seemingly discrete aspects of Li Zhi's thought and emphasize the far-reaching impact of his ideas and actions on both his contemporaries and his successors. In doing so, they challenge the myth that there was no tradition of dissidence in premodern China"-- Provided by publisher.

Local access dig.pdf. [Objectional Li Zhi.pdf]

Examination of the psychological and spiritual influence of Wang Yangming's Neo-Confucianism on mid-late Ming scholars, including writers of fiction such as Feng Menglong 馮夢龍 and Tang Xianzu 湯顯祖, and late Ming scholars such as Li Zhi 李贄.