A sketch of missions ; or history of the principal attempts to propagate Christianity among the heathen / Miron Winslow, 1789-1864

Mengyou yü duishou : Lude yü Kaershitate cong gongrong dao juelie de gaige zhilu 盟友與對手：路德與卡爾施塔特從共融到決裂的改革之路 =  Allies and Adversaries: The Path of Reform from Communion to Rift between Luther and Karlstadt / by Nie Rujie 聶汝杰

https://www.sinowesternstudies.com/latest/no-29-2025/

Published in Guoxue yu xixue 國學與西學 = International journal of Sino-western studies, no.29 (2025) : 135-147.

Local access dig.pdf [Nie_Rujie_Mengyou_duishou.pdf]

Abstract:

傳統視角下德意誌地區的宗教改革，遵循的是以路德爲中心的單一敘事模式，但其實宗教改革是一件充滿了內部張力與多元路徑的複雜曆史事件。本文以維登貝格神學家安德烈亞斯·卡爾施塔特爲研究對象，旨在突破以路德宗爲中心的標籤化敘事的窠臼，還原其作爲路德“盟友與對手”的雙重角色。本文通過考察二人從早期在奧古斯丁神學遺産下結爲改革同盟，到因《雅各書》地位、舊約律法規範性及改革策略等細微分歧而産生裂隙，再到在 1521-1522 年“維登貝格運動”中因權力博弈和教會本質理唸衝突而徹底決裂的全過程，髮現兩者的關繫演變揭示了宗教改革初期神學論爭與政治實踐交織的複雜性，其決裂的主因並非純粹的教義分歧，而是在改革速度、權威結構與教會形態等方麵的策略性抉擇。此外，卡爾施塔特的激進改革雖然遭到了當局的否定，但其思想通過再洗禮派的脈絡仍對新教的多元麵貌産生了巨大的影響。

The traditional narrative of the Reformation in the German lands often follows a Luther-centricmonolithic framework. In reality, however, the Reformation was a complex historical event marked byinternal tensions and multiple trajectories. This paper focuses on the Wittenberg theologian Andreas Karlstadt, aimingtomove beyond the reductive labeling prevalent in Lutheran-dominated historiography and restore his dual roleasboth ally and adversary of Martin Luther. By examining their early alliance rooted in Augustinian theology, theemerging fissures over issues such as the canonical status of the Epistle of James, the normative role of OldTestament law, and reform strategies, and finally their complete breakdown during the Wittenberg Movement (1521–1522) due to conflicts over authority and ecclesiology, this study reveals the intricate interplaybetweentheological debate and political practice in the early Reformation. It argues that the primary cause of their rift was not doctrinal differences per se, but rather strategic choices concerning the pace of reform, structuresofauthority, and the form of the church. Although Karlstadt’s radical initiatives were suppressed by the authorities, his ideas continued to exert a significant influence on the pluralistic landscape of Protestantismthroughthelineage of the Anabaptists.

The missionary enterprise in China and America / edited and with an introduction by John K. Fairbank.

Originally published: Harvard College, 1974. (Harvard studies in American-East Asian relations ; v. 6).

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Introduction : The many faces of Protestant missions in China and the United States / John K. Fairbank -- Near East notes and Far East queries / James A. Field, Jr. -- Evangelical logistics : mission support and resources to 1920 / Valentin H. Rabe -- The student volunteer movement and its role in China missions, 1886-1920 / Clifton J. Phillips -- Modernism and missions : the liberal search for an exportable Christianity, 1875-1935 / William R. Hutchison -- The theology of American missionaries in China, 1900-1950 / M. Searle Bates -- Christianity in the Chinese idiom : Young J. Allen and the early Chiao-hui hsin-pao, 1868-1870 / Adrian A. Bennett and Kwang-Ching Liu -- Littoral and Hinterland in nineteenth century China : the "Christian" reformers / Paul A. Cohen -- Christianity and nationalism : the career of Wu Le-ch'uan at Yenching University / Philip West -- Ends and means : missionary justification of force in nineteenth century China / Stuart Creighton Miller -- Why they stayed : American church politics and Chinese nationalism in the twenties / Shirley Stone Garrett -- The missionary response to the nationalist revolution / Paul A. Varg -- The missionary enterprise and theories of imperialism / Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.