Introduction -- The Qing dynasty (1644-1911) -- History of Christianity in China prior to 1842 -- The opium wars and the treaties -- Christian missions and treaty rights -- Activities of missionaries after the treaties -- Management of missionary affairs -- The epilogue.

The relationship between the missionaries and the unequal treaties is an intriguing one. Christianity is a religion of love, which determines not only its spirit and purpose and also its method of gaining converts. Beginning with the opium wars in the 1840s and continued to 1860s, as a result of series of military defeats, humiliating treaties were imposed upon the Qing government, and in these treaties were incorporated the so-called religious toleration clauses, which made possible the establishment of Christian churches in all parts of China and also put missionaries and their converts under the protection of the invading Western powers. The early missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant, who acted as interpreters when these treaties were made, did have a definite hand in the insertion of such clauses into the treaties. How can a religion of love associate itself with the power of force to spread its message? This book tries to present a readable account of the activities of missionaries during these tumultuous years. -- Preface.

OCLC-LC Authority rec'd mistakenly has two entries for the same author Ho, Herbert H. & [Ho Hoi-lap ; He Kaili 何凯立] 1949-

Crusaders against opium : Protestant missionaries in China, 1874-1917 / Kathleen L. Lodwick.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 188-208) and index.

Opium in China in the Late Nineteenth Century -- Missionaries Organize to Oppose Opium -- Pro-Opium Forces and Government Investigations -- Anti-Opium Lobby Comes of Age -- Success and Failures of Opium Suppression.

Local access dig.pdf [Lodwick-Crusaders against opium.pdf]

Copies also in ASCC and AEC stacks.

Fuyin yu jinyan : wan-Qing chuanjiao shi yu yapian maoyi de xingfei (1807-1911) 福音與禁煙 : 晚清傳教士與鴉片貿易的興廢(1807-1911) = Gospel and anti-opium : Protestant missionaries and the rise and fall of the opium trade in late Qing China (1807-1911) / Huili Zhuo 卓輝立

Includes bibliographical references (pages 245-264)

"Spatial expansion, planning, and their influences on the urban landscape of Christian churches in Canton" / Li Yonggu

This article belongs to the Special Issue of

"Chinese Christianity: From Society to Culture," Religions 16

Abstract:

Canton (present-day Guangzhou, China) has a long history as a trading port and serves as a window for studying the history of Sino-Western cultural exchanges. Canton was a city built under Confucian orders, leading to significant differences (when compared to Christian cities) in urban functional zoning, layout, urban landscape, and methods for shaping spatial order. Therefore, the churches constructed by Christian missionary societies in Canton merit particular attention in missionary history research and urban planning history. Based on local gazetteers, historical maps, export paintings, Western travelogues, and archives at that time, from a cultural landscape perspective, this article compares and analyzes the spatial expansion of Christian churches and their influences on the urban landscape in Canton in two stages. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the spatial layout of the churches indicated an active integration into Canton City. After the Opium War, churches were not only used for religious purposes but also served as symbols asserting the presence of Christians and Western powers (which made the situation more complicated). Missionary societies attracted believers through the construction of public facilities, building Christian communities centered around churches, thereby competing with authorities for spatial power and influencing the urban functional system and spatial layout controlled by the authorities. Comparatively, the Roman Catholic Cathedral has profoundly changed the traditional landscape order in Canton, while the Protestant Dongshan Church interacted more closely with the city.

The Boxer Rebellion / Richard O'Connor.