Jesuit mission and submission : Qing rulership and the fate of Christianity in China, 1644-1735 / by Litian Swen.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

Jesuit Mission and Submission' explains how the Jesuits entered the Manchu world after the Manchus conquered Beijing in 1644. Supported by Qing court archives, the book discovers the Jesuits? Manchu-style master-slave relationship with the Kangxi emperor. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstructs the back and forth negotiations between Kangxi and the Holy See regarding Chinese Rites Controversy (1705-1721), and shows that the Jesuits, although a group of foreign priests, had close access to Kangxi and were a trusted part of the Imperial circle. This book also redefines the rise and fall of the Christian mission in the early Qing court through key events, such as the Calendar Case and Yongzheng's prohibition of Christianity.

(pp. 1-22) Introduction
Confusions Over the Relationship Between Kangxi and the Jesuits -- The Cultural-Conflicts Paradigm and Its Problems -- Manchu’s Master-Slave Relationship -- Booi Slaves and Qing Rulership -- The Imperial Household Department in the Qing Power Network -- Missionaries and the Imperial Household Department -- Were the Missionaries booi slaves of Kangxi? -- Viewing Missionaries Through the Lens of the Master-Slave Relationship

Part One: The Jesuits’ Identity and Qing Rulership, 1644-1705

(pp. 25-49) Chapter One: Jesuits and Their Entrance in the Manchu World
Captives in a Battlefield -- Jesuits as Slaves and the Legacy of the Tong Clan -- Manchus’ Impression of Europeans -- Jesuits’ First Helpers -- Jesuits’ Involvement in the Cannon Business -- The Tong Family and the Jesuits -- Released from the Slave Status -- Conclusion

(pp. 50-74) Chapter Two: The Jesuits’ Strategic Turn
Missionaries Arrested: The Calendar Case of 1664 -- The Manchu Way or the Chinese Way? -- Manchu’s Religious Policies -- Confucian-Christian Relationship on Schall’s Birthday -- Yang Guangxian: Not a Confucian -- Divination and Confucianism -- Schall’s Involvement in Chinese Divination -- Trials, and Buglio and de Magalhaens’s Manchu Network -- Conclusion

(pp. 75-106) Chapter Three: The Jesuits and Kangxi’s Imperial Household Department
Kangxi’s Political Backbone -- Jesuits’ Contributions -- Jesuits’ Participation in Court Politics -- Verbiest’s Strategy and Legacy -- The Edict of Toleration -- The Jesuits’ Identity in the Kangxi Court -- The New French Jesuits and Their Network -- Conclusion

Part Two: Emperor Kangxi’s Negotiations with The Pope, 1705-1721

(pp. 109-141) Chapter Four: Kangxi, the Jesuits, and the First Papal Legation to China
The Kangxi Emperor and his Empire before 1705 -- The Papal Legation in Kangxi’s eyes -- The First Audience -- The Chinese Rites Controversy During de Tournon’s Stay in Beijing -- The Farewell Audience -- The Jesuits’ Omission -- After the Farewell Audience -- Piao -- Conclusion

(pp. 142-166) Chapter Five: Kangxi’s Fourteen-Year Wait and the Second Papal Legation
Waiting for a Response from Rome -- The Red Manifesto: Kangxi’s Open Letter to Europe -- Kangxi’s Unusual Patience: Why? -- Making Threats and Making the Deal -- Conclusion

Part Three: The Prohibition in 1724

(pp. 169-195) Chapter Six: The Yongzheng Emperor and Christian Missionaries
Kangxi’s Late Years -- Yongzheng’s Enthronement -- Missionaries’ Efforts -- Why Did Yongzheng Prohibit Christianity -- Yongzheng’s Own Explanations for Prohibition -- The Prohibition from the View of Others -- Buddhism: The Basis of Yongzheng’s Intellectual and Spiritual Mind -- Buddhism and its Influence on Yongzheng -- Yongzheng’s Buddhism and the Prohibition of Christianity -- Conclusion

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La missione del primo Legato pontificio Maillard de Tournon : all'origine delle relazioni tra Santa Sede e Cina (1622-1742) / Rui Zhang.

Includes bibliographical references (p. [209]-226 and index.

Nel 1622, con la Bolla Inscrutabili Divinae emanata da Papa Gregorio XV, la Sede Apostolica istituisce la Sacra Congregazione di Propaganda Fide per il coordinamento dell’attività missionaria e l’evangelizzazione dei popoli. Per i Pontefici di quel tempo, una delle questioni urgenti e irrisolte era legata alla lontana missione nel Celeste Impero e alla controversia sui Riti cinesi. Nel 1701, Clemente XI, appena intronizzato, decide di inviare, attraverso Propaganda Fide, un uomo di fiducia nella Città Proibita per incontrare l’Imperatore Kangxi, uno dei più rispettati e lungimiranti sovrani della storia cinese.
Il giovane Carlo Tommaso Maillard de Tournon, nominato Patriarca d’Antiochia e Visitatore Apostolico, con potestà di Legato a latere per i territori orientali delle Indie, dell’Impero della Cina e delle Isole adiacenti, inizia la sua missione con l’intento di creare una “corrispondenza” tra Roma e Pechino, di supervisionare l’attività degli stessi missionari e di sviluppare interscambi diplomatici, culturali e umani. La storia del suo mandato, ripercorsa con il puntuale riscontro di numerose fonti d’archivio, consente di ricostruire una fase significativa del primo incontro ufficiale tra Santa Sede e Cina, per molti aspetti decisivo per le successive relazioni culturali, politiche e religiose tra l’occidente cristiano e il popolo cinese.

Graphic resource*** Breve de Papa Clemente XI sulla nomina de Legato Apostolico, 4 luglio 1702, Archivio Apostolico Vaticano, Sec. Brev., Reg. 2509, f. 34r-38v. – Ritratto de Card. Maillard de Tournon. BAV Card.Folio.6 (2:67); Cons. (p.67) [Engraving of Tournon]. – G.G. Fatinelli Istoria della spedizione del Card. C. Th. Maillard de’ Tournon, Bibl. Casanatense, Roma, MiC, Ms. 1636 f.1r. - 2r. – Sacrificio di animali durante del culto di Confucio, Bibl. Casanatense, Roma, MiC, Ms. 1607, f. 3r – Piao 票…di Carlo Orazi da Castorano (1673-1755), frate francescano e Vicario della diocese di Pechino, APF, Indie Orientali e Cina, Miscellanea, vol. 17, f. 47r

Privileges for being slaves: Christian missionaries in the early Qing court / by Litian Swen.
Thesis (Ph.D., History)—-City University of New York, 2019.
Bibliography: p.244-257.

This dissertation works to elucidate the long-term confusion over the identity of the Christian fathers in the early Qing court. The identity for which this dissertation argues is straightforward: Christian fathers were identified by the Kangxi emperor as his family slaves. The master-slave relationship has long been overlooked because it was overshadowed by an overwhelming focus on the Jesuit Adam Schall, who entered the Manchu court as a Chinese-style minister. Shifting the focus from Schall, this dissertation starts by showing two seldom mentioned Jesuits, Ludovico Buglio and Gabriel de Magalhaens, who entered into Manchu service as slaves. It was, this dissertation shows, not Schall but Buglio, Magalhaens, and the network they built through their slave status that set the foundation for future Jesuits’ successful participation in the Manchu empire. With the master-slave relationship between Kangxi and the Christian fathers established, the fourth and fifth chapters examine Kangxi’s receptions of the two papal legations as family guests instead of as foreign embassies of state.
The identity of the Christian missionaries, this dissertation shows, determined both rise and fall of the Christian mission in the Kangxi and Yongzheng’s reigns.

Contents:
Chapter 1: Jesuits’ Entrance as Slaves into the Manchu's World
Chapter 2: The Calendar Case 1664 and the Beijing Jesuits' Adjustment of Strategy
Chapter 3: The Jesuits' Identity in Kangxi's Court
Chapter 4: Kangxi, the Jesuits, and the First Papal Legation to China
Chapter 5: Kangxi's Fourteen-Year Wait and the Second Papal Legation
Chapter 6: Yongzheng's Prohibition of Christianity in 1724

Local access dig.pdf. [Swen-Privileges.pdf]