The Qing opening to the ocean : Chinese maritime policies, 1684-1757 / Gang Zhao.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 235-261) and index.

The Chinese private maritime trade and global integration -- Reconsidering overseas trade : the Chinese intellectual response to the emerging global economy -- The northeast Asian trade network, the Manchu, pro-commerce tradition, and the 1684 open-door trade policy -- Enriching the state by cherishing private trade : the Kangxi emperor and the 1684 open trade policy -- Separating trade from tribute : Kangxi ends the tribute trade system -- The establishment of the Qing maritime customs system and the growth of private trade -- Economic interest, security concern, and the tribute system : Kangxi's response to Tokugawa Japan's license system -- The Kangxi emperor bans trade with Southeast Asia -- Western merchants, local interests, and Christian penetration : a new interpretation of the Canton system.

"Did China drive or resist the early wave of globalization? Some scholars insist that China contributed nothing to the rise of the global economy that began around 1500. Others have placed China at the center of global integration. Neither side, though, has paid attention to the complex story of China's maritime policies. Drawing on sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, this important new work systematically explores the evolution of imperial Qing maritime policy from 1684 to 1757 and sets its findings in the context of early globalization. Gang Zhao argues that rather than constrain private maritime trade, globalization drove it forward, linking the Song and Yuan dynasties to a dynamic world system. As bold Chinese merchants began to dominate East Asian trade, officials and emperors came to see private trade as the solution to the daunting economic and social challenges of the day. The ascent of maritime business convinced the Kangzi [sic] emperor to open the coast to international trade, putting an end to the tribute trade system. Zhao's study details China's unique contribution to early globalization, the pattern of which differs significantly from the European experience. It offers impressive insights into the rise of the Asian trade network, the emergence of Shanghai as Asia's commercial hub, and the spread of a regional Chinese diaspora. To understand the place of China in the early modern world, how modernity came to China, and early globalization and the rise of the Asian trade network, The Qing Opening to the Ocean is essential reading."--Jacket.

Also available online via Gleeson Library.
Local access dig.pdf. [Zhap-Opening Ocean.pdf]

War, trade and piracy in the China Seas, 1622-1683 / by Cheng Wei-chung.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 345-355) and index.

Introduction: The Missing Link -- The tributary system challenged -- Nicolas Iquan before 1627 -- The survival game of the mercenaries, 1628-1631 -- The establishment of the An-Hai trading emporium, 1630-1633 -- Stormy weather at the imperial court and on the south China coast, 1632-1633 -- The winding ways towards the western ocean -- The risk of politics and the politics of risk, 1636-1640 -- In search of silver in a changing world, 1640-1646 -- The open coast of the Chinese empire, 1646-1650 -- Fukienese exceptionalism transformed into a political project, 1650-1654 -- The passions of a merchant prince, 1654-1657 -- From defeat to victory, 1658-1662 -- All acknowledged by the kings, 1663-1667 -- Monopoly lost, 1669-1683 -- Conclusion: defensive and aggressive monopolies.

Approaching its demise, the Ming imperial administration enlisted members of the Cheng family as mercenaries to help in the defense of the coastal waters of Fukien. Under the leadership of Cheng Chih-lung, also known as Nicolas Iquan, and with the help of the local gentry, these mercenaries became the backbone of the empire's maritime defense and the protectors of Chinese commercial interests in the East and South China Seas. The fall of the Ming allowed Cheng Ch'eng-kung-alias Coxinga-and his sons to create a short-lived but independent seaborne regime in China's southeastern coastalprovinces that competed fiercely, if only briefly, with Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and English merchants during the early stages of globalization.

Local access dig.pdf. [Cheng-China Seas.pdf

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