Zhang zixiang xian sheng ke tu hua gao 張子祥先生課徒畫稿 by Zhang Xiong 張熊，1803-1886

This is a painting textbook compiled by the Qing dynasty painter Zhang Xiong 張熊/張子祥. The book is organized into four volumes: Volume One covers spring floral techniques, including methods for painting 11 types of flowers such as orchids and apricot blossoms; Volume Two focuses on summer and autumn floral techniques, encompassing methods for 7 types of flowers including pomegranate blossoms and lily-of-the-valley; Volume Three integrates techniques for all seasons, while Volume Four focuses exclusively on fish, birds, insects, and techniques for hanging scrolls and album leaves. As one of the “Three Masters of Shanghai,” Zhang Xiong emphasized imitative practice in his instructional manual, establishing a traditional painting teaching system through thematic demonstrations.